FOREWARD: THE following pages, which contain an account of the life and scientific achievements of the great Russian physiologist, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, must be considered only as material for a future, more comprehensive biography. The interval since Pavlov's death has not been sufficiently long for the collection of all the necessary data on his life and work, even by biographers living in Russia. For me, a resident of Canada, it has been much more difficult to obtain the information I desired. Then, inevitably, the biographer is handicapped by a certain lack of perspective in writing of a great man recently departed. He is, as it were, still among us. We see and hear him as he was at our last meeting we regard him from a personal angle, which makes it difficult to maintain strict objectivity in the description of his character and work.
Nevertheless, I decided to write a biography of Pavlov for the following reasons. I am Pavlov's senior surviving pupil. I knew him well for thirty five years from 1901 to the time of his death in 1936. I served for ten years as his assistant in the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg. Our association in the laboratory developed into a lasting friendship. These circumstances entitle me to speak of Pavlov as a contemporary who was familiar with his scientific activity throughout the greater part of his life. Since the year 1949 is the centenary of I. P. Pavlovs birth, I felt that for me it was a duty as well as a privilege to communicate to those interested in his life and work all that I know about him.
There was another consideration which influenced me in my decision to write this biography. It seemed to me that an account of Pavlov's life by one of his contemporaries who was closely associated with him might be of some value to future students of the cultural development of Russia. Pavlov belonged to the younger generation of those remarkable men who made possible the astounding cultural development of nineteenth-century Russia. Less than one generation separated Pavlov from such men as Pirogov anatomist and surgeon, Mendeleev and Butlerov chemists, Sechenov physiologist, Botkin physician, Soloviev historian, Chicherin political economist, Tur genev, Tolstoy, and Dostoevski novelists, Tchaikovsky, Mus sorgsky, and Rimski-Korsakov composers, and many others. Pavlov and his contemporaries continued this brilliant tradition.
The mental development of Pavlov and his attitude toward life in general were formed during the sixties and seventies of the past century. Profound political and social changes were taking place in Russia during the reign of Alexander II 1855-81. The youth of the period was full of idealism and of a sincere desire to serve its country and humanity. Pavlov retained these high ideals all through his life, steadfastly believing in truth, justice, and liberalism and the all-important role of science. In 1917 this astounding cultural development of Russia was suddenly disrupted, and new political and social ideas were forcibly imposed on the country.
This book consists of four parts. Part I comprises the biography proper and my reminiscences of Pavlov. Parts II, III, and IV deal with his scientific achievements in the physiology of the cardio vascular, digestive, and central nervous systems. As far as possible, the scientific material has been presented in a form comprehensible to any intelligent lay reader. I hope, however, that specialists in these fields will also find there certain things which may interest them. I have been sparing in the use of quotations from the scientific literature, referring the reader whenever possible to monographs rather than to individual articles. In the preparation of the manuscript I have had the help of a number of persons, to whom I should like here to express my sincere thanks.
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