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Cover 1 Copyright 5 Table of Contents 6 Introduction 12 Confucian Natural Cosmology: An Interpretive Context 20 Interpretive Assumptions 20 Philosophy of Culture: Change and Persistence 24 Distinguishing Confucian Cosmology from Greek Transcendentalism 26 Power and Creativity 30 Contrasting Confucian Zoetology with Greek Ontology 34 A Chinese Cosmology with “Its Own Causality and Its Own Logic” 38 Shi 勢: An Aesthetic Alternative to the Logic of “Things” and to an “External Causality” 46 Genealogical Cosmogony and Its “Epistemogony” 48 Qi 氣 as a Moral Cosmology 52 A Thick Generalization: Distinguishing “Events” from “Objects” 57 A Thick Generalization: Distinguishing “Phases” from “Elements” 60 Vital Qi 氣 as Functional Structure and Structured Function 63 A Human “Being” or Human “Becomings”? 67 Defining a World by Association 76 The Book of Changes 易經: A Cosmological Vocabulary 82 Tang Junyi 唐君毅 and the Philosophical Implications of a Qi 氣 Cosmology 90 The Canonical Texts: Selected Passages 109 I. The Book of Changes (Yijing 易經): A Process Cosmology 109 II. The Expansive Learning (Daxue 大學): Setting the Confucian Project 139 The Expansive Learning: Part 1 143 The Expansive Learning: Part 2 147 The Expansive Learning: Part 3 150 III. The Analects (Lunyu 論語): A Basic Confucian Vocabulary 152 Cultivating One’s Person (xiushen 修身) 156 III.1 Cherishing Learning (haoxue 好學): A Confucian Philosophy of Education 161 III.2 A Joyful Wisdom (zhi 知) 179 III.3 Virtuosity (de 德) 189 III.4 Doing Your Utmost (zhong 忠) and Making Good on Your Word (xin 信) 197 III.5 Putting Oneself in the Other’s Place Through Dramatic Rehearsal (shu 恕) 204 Setting the Family Right (qijia 齊家) 209 III.6 Reverencing Family (xiao 孝) 215 III.7 Consummate Conduct/Persons in Roles and Relations (ren 仁) 230 III.8 Seeking Optimal Appropriateness in Roles and Relations (yi 義) 249 III.9 Aspiring to Ritual Propriety in Roles and Relations (li 禮) 259 III.10 The Making of Music (yue 樂) 273 Bringing Proper Order to the State (zhiguo 治國) 282 III.11 Using Names Properly (zhengming 正名) 287 III.12 Exemplary Persons (junzi 君子) and Scholar-Officials (shi 士) 305 III.13 Harmony as an Optimizing Symbiosis (he 和) 329 III.14 Making Friends (you 友) 333 III.15 Governing Properly (zheng 政) 341 Effecting Peace in the World (pingtianxia 平天下) 358 III.16 Human Way-Making (rendao 人道) 364 III.17 Confucius: One Special Person Extending the Proper Way (dao 道) 379 III.18 A Family-Centered Religiousness (tian 天) 403 IV. The Mencius (Mengzi 孟子): Extending the Vocabulary 414 IV.1 An Interpretive Context for Reading the Mencius 421 IV.2 Continuing on the Way of Confucius 432 IV.3 The Vocabulary of Mencius’s Moral Sensorium 452 IV.4 Role Politics and Consummate Governing (renzheng 仁政) 526 IV.5 Maintaining Tian’s Mandate (tianming 天命) 570 V. The Focusing the Familiar (Zhongyong 中庸): The Highest Expression of the Confucian Project 575 V.1 Chapter 1: The Confucian Project: “The Continuity Between and Inseparability of the Human and the Cosmic Orders” (tianrenheyi 天人合一) 583 V.2 Chapters 2, 3, 5, 8: Explaining the Term zhongyong 中庸 588 V.3 Chapter 12: The Proper Way of Exemplary Persons (junzi 君子) 591 V.4 Chapter 15: Family as the Trailhead of the Proper Way (dao 道) 592 V.5 Chapter 17: The Cosmic and the Human as a Contrapuntal Dynamic 593 V.6 Chapter 19: Effecting Order Through Family Reverence (xiao 孝) 594 V.7 Chapter 21: The Foundational and the Creative Aspects of Education 596 V.8 Chapter 25: Resolve (cheng 誠) as a Collaborative and Reflexive Creativity 597 V.9 Chapter 30: Confucius as a Force of Nature 600 V.10 Chapter 31: Optimal Sagacity (zhisheng 至聖) 602 V.11 Chapter 32: Optimal Resolve (zhicheng 至誠) 604 V.12 Chapter 33: The Book of Songs (Shijing 詩經) as a Confucian “Ode to Joy” 605 VI. The Classic of Family Reverence (Xiaojing 孝經): The Prime Confucian Moral Imperative 609 VI.1 Chapter 1: Setting the Theme and Illuminating Its Meaning (開宗明義章) 613 VI.2 Chapter 2: The Emperor as Son of Tian (天子章) 615 VI.3 Chapter 6: The Common People (庶人章) 616 VI.4 Chapter 7: The Three Powers and Resources (三才章) 616 VI.5 Chapter 8: Effecting Sociopolitical Order Through Family Reverence (孝治章) 618 VI.6 Chapter 9: Sagely Governance (聖治章) 619 VI.7 Chapter 12: Expanding upon the Essential Way (廣要道章) 622 VI.8 Chapter 13: Expanding on the Utmost Moral Virtuosity (廣至德章) 623 VI.9 Chapter 15: On Remonstrance (諫諍章) 624 VI.10 Chapter 18: Mourning for Parents (喪親章) 626 VII. The Five Modes of Virtuosic Conduct (Wuxingpian 五行篇): The Interim Between Confucius and Mencius 627 VII.1: Habituating Moral Virtuosity 638 VII.2: Humans Can Broaden the Way and Sages Can Continue and Carry Out the Workings of Tian 人能弘道, 聖人能繼天立極 640 VII.3: The Authentication of Moral Virtuosity in Action 645 VII.4: Consummate Conduct (ren 仁), Wisdom (zhi 智), and Sagacity (sheng 聖) as Necessary Conditions for Moral Suasion 646 VII.5-7: The Thinking of Consummate, Wise, and Sagacious Persons 649 VII.8: Consolidating Virtuosic Habits as an Inner Disposition for Action 651 VII.9: The Inexhaustibility of the Habitude of Moral Virtuosity (de 德) 654 VII.10: Opening with Bells and Rallying Others with Jade Tubes 654 VII.11-14: Vocabulary Clusters for Modes of Virtuosic Conduct 656 VII.15-16: The Need for Sagacity and Wisdom in Recognizing the Way of Exemplary Persons 657 VII.17: A Perceived Logic Among the Five Modes of Virtuosic Conduct 658 VII.18: Efficacy (shan 善) as the Symbiosis of Four Modes of Virtuosic Conduct 660 VII.19: Consummate Conduct (ren 仁) and the Power of Human Feelings 660 VII.20: Appropriateness (yi 義) Is Being Steadfast in Walking the Walk 661 VII.21: Propriety (li 禮) Is Deference in Broad Compass 662 VII.22-23: Seeing the Big Picture and Making Allowances 663 VII.24: Consolidating Great Accomplishments and Promoting the Worthy 664 VII.25: A Symbiosis Among the Heartmind’s (xin 心) Attendants 666 VII.26: Correlative Methods for Advancing Knowledge 668 VII.27: Tian 天 as a Guide in the Tian-Human (tianren 天人) Relation 669 VII.28: The Different Modes of Virtuosic Conduct as Different Responses to the Proper Way (dao 道) 670 VIII. The Mozi 墨子: On Denouncing the Confucians and Their Doctrines 670 VIII.1 Gongmeng (公孟) 675 VIII.2 Denouncing the Confucians (feiruxia 非儒下) 677 IX. The Xunzi 荀子: A Syncretic Confucian Philosophy 685 IX.1 Chapter 1: Exhortation to Learning (quanxue 勸學) 700 IX.2 Chapter 2: Personal Cultivation (xiushen 修身) 708 IX.3 Chapter 8: Confucian Achievements (ruxiao 儒效) 714 IX.4 Chapter 9: Regulations of a True King (wangzhi 王制) 716 IX.5 Chapter 12: The Way of the Ruler (jundao 君道) 733 IX.6 Chapter 15: Debating Military Affairs (yibing 議兵) 742 IX.7 Chapter 17: On Nature (tianlun 天論) 754 IX.8 Chapter 19: On Ritual Practices (lilun 禮論) 763 IX.9 Chapter 21: Dispelling Obsessions (jiebi 解蔽) 775 IX.10 Chapter 22: On Using Names Properly (zhengming 正名) 782 IX.11 Chapter 23: Native Human Propensities Are Base (xing’e 性惡) 796 Bibliography of Works Cited 810