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Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contributors Preface Contents Introduction Chapter 1 - Principles of Manual Muscle Testing Chapter 2 - Testing the Muscles of the Neck Chapter 3 - Testing the Muscles of the Trunk Chapter 4 - Testing the Muscles of the Upper Extremity Chapter 5 - Testing the Muscles of the Lower Extremity Chapter 6 - Testing of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children Chapter 7 - Assessment of Muscles Innervated by Cranial Nerves Chapter 8 - Upright Motor Control Chapter 9 - Ready Reference Anatomy Index List of Muscles by Region Alphabetical List of Muscles

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Title page Table of Contents Copyright About the authors Reviewers Preface Acknowledgements List of Illustrations List of Tables PART 1. Pharmacology Basics 1. Nursing practice in Canada and drug therapy Overview Assessment Analysis of data Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Evidence-informed practice Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 2. Pharmacological principles Overview Pharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacognosy Pharmacoeconomics Toxicology Summary Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities Reference 3. Legal and ethical considerations Legal considerations New drug development Health Canada drug approval process Legal nursing considerations and drug therapy Ethical considerations Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 4. Patient-focused considerations Population-based considerations and drug therapy Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses: Age-related Planning Implementation Evaluation Nursing diagnoses: Ethnocultural Planning Implementation Evaluation Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activites References 5. Gene therapy and pharmacogenomics Overview Discovery, structure, and function of DNA Gene therapy Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics Application of genetic principles in drug therapy and the nursing process Summary Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities Reference 6. Medication errors: Preventing and responding Overview Issues contributing to errors Preventing, responding to, reporting, and documenting medication errors: A nursing perspective Other ethical issues Summary Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 7. Patient education and drug therapy Overview The nursing process and learning needs during drug therapy Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Summary Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 8. Over-the-counter drugs and natural health products Over-the-counter drugs Natural health products Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activites e-Learning activities References 9. Vitamins and minerals Overview Fat-soluble vitamins Drug profile Drug profiles Drug profile Drug profile Water-soluble vitamins Drug profile Drug profile Drug profile Drug profile Drug profile Drug profile Minerals Drug profile Drug profile Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 10. Principles of drug administration Preparing for drug administration Enteral drugs Parenteral drugs Topical drugs Reference PART 2. Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 11. Analgesic drugs Overview Opioid drugs Drug profiles Nonopioid and miscellaneous analgesics Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 12. General and local anaesthetics Anaesthetics Drug profiles Drug profiles Neuromuscular blocking drugs Drug profiles Pharmacokinetic bridge to nursing practice Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 13. Central nervous system depressants and muscle relaxants Overview Benzodiazepines and miscellaneous hypnotic drugs Drug profiles Barbiturates Drug profiles Over-the-counter hypnotics Muscle relaxants Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activites e-Learning activities Reference 14. Central nervous system stimulants and related drugs Overview Drugs for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy Drug profiles Anorexiants Drug profiles Antimigraine drugs Drug profiles Analeptics Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 15. Antiepileptic drugs Epilepsy Antiepileptic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 16. Antiparkinso nian drugs Parkinson’s disease Direct-acting dopaminergic drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Indirect-acting dopaminergic drugs Drug profiles Drug profile Drug profile Anticholinergic therapy Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 17. Psychotherapeutic drugs Overview Overview of mental health disorders Anxiolytic drugs Drug profiles Mood-stabilizing drugs Drug profiles Antidepressant drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Antipsychotic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 18. Substance use disorder Overview Opioids Stimulants Depressants Alcohol Nicotine Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 3. Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 19. Adrenergic drugs Overview Adrenergic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities 20. Adrenergic-blocking drugs Overview Alpha blocker Drug profiles Beta blockers Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 21. Cholinergic drugs Parasympathetic nervous system Cholinergic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 22. Cholinergic-blocking drugs Overview Cholinergic-blocking drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 4. Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular and Renal System 23. Antihypertensive drugs Overview Additional adrenergic drugs Drug profiles Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Drug profiles Angiotensin II receptor blockers Drug profiles Calcium channel blockers Vasodilators Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 24. Antianginal drugs Overview Antianginal drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Determining drug therapy Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities Reference 25. Heart failure drugs Overview First-line drug therapy Drug profile Drug profile Additional heart failure drugs Drug profiles Drug profile Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 26. Diuretic drugs Overview Diuretic drugs Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Drug profiles Loop diuretics Drug profiles Osmotic diuretics Drug profiles Potassium-sparing diuretics Drug profiles Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 27. Antidysrhythmic drugs Dysrhythmias and normal cardiac electrophysiology Antidysrhythmic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 28. Coagulation modifier drugs Overview Anticoagulants Drug profiles Antiplatelet drugs Drug profiles Thrombolytic drugs Drug profiles Antifibrinolytic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 29. Antilipemic drugs Overview Lipids and lipid abnormalities Coronary artery disease Antilipemic drugs and dyslipidemia treatment guidelines Drug profiles Drug profile Drug profiles Drug profiles Miscellaneous lipid-lowering agents Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 30. Fluids and electrolytes Physiology of fluid balance Application of solutions and blood products Drug profile Drug profiles Drug profiles Physiology of electrolyte balance Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 5. Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System 31. Pituitary drugs Endocrine system Pituitary drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities 32. Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Overview Thyroid replacement Drug profiles Antithyroid drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 33. Antidiabetic drugs Overview of the pancreas Diabetes Exogenous insulins Drug profiles Oral antihyperglycemic drugs Drug profiles Injectable antihyperglycemic drugs Glucose-elevating drugs Pharmacokinetic bridge to nursing practice Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 34. Adrenal drugs Adrenal system Adrenal drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 35. Women’s health drugs Overview of female reproductive functions Estrogens Drug profiles Progestins Drug profiles Selective progesterone receptor modulator Contraceptive drugs Drugs for osteoporosis Drug profiles Fertility drugs Drugs for uterine stimulation Drug profiles Miscellaneous drugs Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 36. Men’s health drugs Overview of the male reproductive system Androgens and other miscellaneous drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 6. Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 37. Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, and expectorants Overview of cold medications Antihistamines Drug profiles Decongestants Drug profiles Antitussives Drug profiles Expectorants Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 38. Respiratory drugs Overview Diseases of the respiratory system Bronchodilators Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Nonbronchodilating respiratory drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 7. Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition 39. Acid-controlling drugs Overview Antacids Drug profiles H2 antagonists Drug profiles Proton pump inhibitors Drug profiles Miscellaneous acid-controlling drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 40. Antidiarrheal drugs and laxatives Overview Antidiarrheals Drug profiles Laxatives Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 41. Antiemetic and antinausea drugs Nausea and vomiting Antiemetic and antinausea drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 42. Nutritional supplements Overview Enteral nutrition Drug profiles Total parenteral nutrition Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 8. Anti-Infective and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 43. Antibiotics part 1: Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and tetracyclines Microbial infection General principles of antibiotic therapy Sulfonamides Drug profiles Beta-lactam antibiotics Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profile Macrolides Drug profiles Tetracyclines Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 44. Antibiotics part 2: Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and other drugs Overview Aminoglycosides Drug profiles Quinolones Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 45. Antiviral drugs Overview Herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infection Other viral illnesses and coronavirus Antivirals Drug profiles HIV infection and AIDS Antiretroviral therapy for patients living with HIV and AIDS Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 46. Antitubercular drugs Tuberculosis Antitubercular drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 47. Antifungal drugs Fungal infections Antifungal drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities 48. Antimalarial, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic drugs Overview Malaria Antimalarial drugs Drug profiles Protozoal infections and nonmalarial antiprotozoal drugs Drug profiles Helminthic infections and anthelmintic drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 49. Anti-inflammatory and antigout drugs Overview Anti-inflammatory and antigout drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 9. Immune and Biological Modifiers and Chemotherapeutic Drugs 50. Immunosuppressant drugs Immune system Immunosuppressant drugs Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking exercises e-Learning activities References 51. Immunizing drugs and pandemic preparedness Immunity and immunization Immunizing drugs Drug profiles Pandemic preparedness and response Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking e-Learning activities References 52. Antineoplastic drugs part 1: Cancer overview and cell cycle–specific drugs Overview of cancer Drug therapy overview Antimetabolites Drug profiles Mitotic inhibitors Drug profiles Topoisomerase inhibitors Drug profiles Drug profiles Antineoplastic enzymes Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 53. Antineoplastic drugs part 2: Cell cycle–nonspecific and miscellaneous drugs Cell cycle–nonspecific antineoplastic drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Hormonal and radiopharmaceutical antineoplastics Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities 54. Biological response–modify ing drugs and antirheumatic drugs Overview Hematopoietic drugs Drug profiles Immunomodulators Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Rheumatoid arthritis Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References PART 10. Miscellaneous Therapeutics: Hematological, Ophthalmic, and Otic Drugs 55. Anemia drugs Overview Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Drug profiles Iron Drug profiles Folic acid Drug profiles Other anemia drugs Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 56. Dermatological drugs Skin anatomy and physiology Antimicrobials Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Other uses for dermatological drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Wound care drugs Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 57. Ophthalmic drugs Overview of ocular anatomy and physiology Treatment of eye disorders Antiglaucoma drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profiles Drug profile Drug profiles Drug profile Antimicrobial drugs Drug profiles Anti-inflammatory drugs Drug profiles Topical anaesthetics Drug profiles Diagnostic and antiallergic drugs Drug profiles Drug profiles Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References 58. Otic drugs Overview of ear anatomy and ear disorders Treatment of ear disorders Drug profiles Drug profile Nursing process Assessment Nursing diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation Patient teaching tips Key points Examination review questions Critical thinking activities e-Learning activities References Appendix A: Pharmaceutical abbreviations Appendix B: Laboratory reference values Answers to review questions Index of glossary terms Drug index General index Special features

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Finite Mathematics (2026) i-iii. doi:10.1016/B978-0-44-329094-7.00002-5

McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, Eighth Edition (2014) 1502pp. 978-1-4557-2884-8 Front cover 1 Inside front cover 2 Evolve page 4 McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians 5 Copyright page 6 Dedication 7 Contributors 8 Preface 13 Key Features 13 New Features 13 Organization 13 The Learning Package 14 Student Workbook 14 TEACH Instructor Resources 14 Evolve Website 14 Support 14 Acknowledgments 15 Table of Contents 16 How to Use This Learning Package 18 Textbook Features 18 Student Workbook 20 Evolve Website 20 Additional Resources 21 One Veterinary Technology: An Overview 23 1 Introduction to Veterinary Technology: 23 Outline 23 Learning Objectives 23 Key Terms 23 History of Veterinary Technology 25 The Veterinary Technician Today 25 Employment Prospects, Salaries, and Attrition 27 Education 28 Programs of Veterinary Technology 28 Two- and Four-Year Programs 28 Standard Criteria 29 Distance Education 29 Continuing Education 29 The Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE) 29 The Profession of Veterinary Technology 30 The Veterinary Technician Practice Model 30 Step 1: Gather Data 30 Step 2: Identify and Prioritize Patient Evaluations 30 Step 3: Develop Plan of Care and Implement Interventions 31 Step 4: Evaluate Patient Response 31 Step 5: Add Data 31 Scope of Practice 31 Responsibilities of the Veterinary Technician in Practice 31 Reception Area 31 Examination Rooms and Outpatients 31 Laboratory and Pharmacy 33 Radiology and Special Imaging 33 Treatment Room 33 Operating Room 35 Wards 35 Hospital Management and Communications 36 Terminology and the Veterinary Health Care Team 36 Veterinarian 36 Veterinary Technician Specialist 37 Veterinary Technologist 37 Veterinary Technician 37 Veterinary Assistant 38 Laboratory Animal Technicians and Technologists 39 Professionalism 39 Professional Appearance 40 Uniform 40 Hands and Nails 41 Jewelry, Face, and Hair 41 Professional Conduct 42 In the Workplace 42 Outside the Workplace 42 Professional Communication 42 Verbal Communication 42 Written Communication 42 Medical Records 42 E-mail 43 Text Messaging 43 Professional Organizations and Acronyms 43 National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America (NAVTA) 43 Canadian Association of Animal Health Technologists and Technicians/L’association Canadienne Des Techniciens Et Technologists en Santé Animale (CAAHTT) 45 Professional Ethics 45 Profession-Related Laws and Regulations 46 Laws (Statutes) 46 Rules and Regulations 47 Entry Into Practice 48 Licenses, Certificates, and Registrations 48 Demonstrating Good Moral Character 50 Background Checks 50 Refusal of Licensure 50 License Renewal and Continuing Education 51 Grounds for Disciplinary Action 51 Technical Violations 51 Substantive Violations 51 Fraud and Deceit 51 Crimes of Moral Turpitude 52 Misrepresentation 52 Animal Abuse 52 Committing or Aiding Illegal Professional Acts 52 Working Impaired 52 Practicing Beyond the Scope of Practice 53 Unprofessional Conduct 53 Malpractice (Negligence) 53 Incompetence 54 Responsibility for Actions 54 Process of Disciplinary Action 54 Notice 54 Right to a Hearing 54 Hearings Procedures 55 Disciplinary Sanctions 55 Revocation of a License 55 Suspension of a License 55 Probation of Licensee 55 Reprimand 56 Civil Penalty 56 Additional Laws Governing Veterinary Practice 56 Labor Laws 56 Hostile Work Environment 56 Safety in the Workplace 56 Medical Waste Management Laws 56 Controlled Substances 56 Animal-Related Laws 57 Animals Used in Research and Education 57 Horse Protection Act 57 Endangered Species Act 57 Animal Cruelty Prevention 57 Laws Specific to Canada 58 Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) 58 Provincial Legislation on Animal Welfare 58 Nongovernment Animal Welfare Organizations 58 Humane Transportation of Animals 58 Canadian Meat Inspection Act 58 Recommended Readings 58 2 Veterinary Practice Management 59 Outline 59 Learning Objectives 59 Key Terms 59 Types of Veterinary Practices 61 Typical Employee Positions 61 Management Personnel 62 Veterinarians 64 Veterinary Technicians and Technologists 64 Veterinary Assistants 65 Receptionists 65 Kennel, Ward, and Barn Attendants 65 Practice Facilities and Workflow 66 Small Animal General Practices 67 Facility Exterior 67 Outpatient Areas 67 Inpatient Areas 69 Surgical Area 72 Support Area 73 Small Animal House Call Practices 73 Specialty and Emergency Practices 73 Large Animal Mobile Units 74 Large Animal Haul-In Facilities 74 Clients and Client Services 76 Importance of Client Communication 77 Communication Myths 77 Six Aspects of Excellent Communication 77 Clarity 78 Courtesy 78 Positive Nonverbal Communication 78 Open-Ended Inquiry 78 Reflective Listening 78 Empathy 79 Dealing With Difficult Clients 79 Management of the Veterinary Practice 79 Planning 80 Human Resources 81 Hiring 81 Compensation 82 Training and Orientation 82 Employee Management and Retention 82 Addressing Employee Stress 83 Stressors 83 Reducing Stress in the Workplace 84 Employee Substance Abuse and Stress 84 Marketing 84 Internal Marketing 85 Client Relationships 85 Practice Appearance 85 Full-Service Care 85 Client Reminders 86 Personal Appearance 86 Handout Materials 86 Sympathy and Thank You Communications 87 Newsletters 87 Targeted Mail 87 Point-of-Sale Displays 88 Animal Care Talks 88 External Marketing 88 Advertising 88 Newspapers 89 Radio and Television 89 Community Activities 89 Web-Based Marketing 89 Pet Portals 90 Financial 90 Bookkeeping and Accounting 90 Balance Sheet 90 Income Statement 90 Statement of Cash Flows 91 Management Analysis 91 Profitability Calculation 91 Key Performance Indicators 91 Budgeting 92 Price Setting 92 Operations 93 Front Desk Management 93 Appointment Scheduling 93 Estimates and Client Payments 94 Inventory Management 95 Computerization of the Veterinary Practice 97 Electronic Medical Records 98 Patient Scheduling 98 Reminders 99 Billing 100 Inventory 100 Client Communication 100 Accounts Receivable 100 Doctor Production 100 Summary 100 References 100 Recommended Readings 101 Journals 101 Management Short Courses 101 Internet Sites 101 3 Veterinary Medical Records 102 Outline 102 Learning Objectives 102 Key Terms 102 Functions of the Medical Record 104 Primary Purposes 104 Supports Excellent Medical Care 104 Documents Communications 104 Secondary Purposes 104 Supports Business and Legal Activities 104 Supports Research 104 Medical and Legal Requirements 104 Veterinary–client–patient Relationship (VCPR) 104 Importance of Informed Consent 105 Consent and Authorization Forms 105 Documentation: Protection Against Complaints and Litigation 106 Ownership and Release of Medical Information 107 Format of Veterinary Medical Records 108 Source-Oriented Veterinary Medical Record (SOVMR) 108 Problem-Oriented Veterinary Medical Record (POVMR) 108 Components of the POVMR 108 The Database 108 Client and Patient Information 108 History 110 Physical Examination 110 Laboratory, Diagnostic Imaging, and Other Pertinent Forms 110 Laboratory Diagnostic Summary and Flow Sheet 113 Consultants 114 Master Problem List and Working Problem List 114 Hospitalized Patient Records 116 Overview 116 Technician SOAP Notes 116 Subjective/Objective 116 Assessment 116 Plan 118 Notations 118 Medication Administration/Order Record (MAOR) 120 Cage Cards and Patient Identification 120 Discharge and Summary Forms 120 Management of Paper Medical Records 127 Organization and Filing 127 Alphabetic Filing 128 Numeric Filing 128 File Purging 129 Lost Records 129 Logs 129 Radiology Log 129 Surgery Log 129 Anesthesia Log 131 Necropsy Log 131 Controlled Substances Log 131 Management of Electronic Medical Records 131 Overview 131 Validating the Electronic Record 132 Risk of Loss 133 Advantages of Electronic Medical Records 133 Management of Ambulatory Practice Records 133 Veterinary Medical Database 134 Recommended Readings 134 Related Associations 135 4 Occupational Health and Safety in Veterinary Hospitals 136 Outline 136 Learning Objectives 136 Key Terms 136 Safety 138 Objectives of a Safety Program 138 Your Safety Rights 138 Your Safety Responsibilities 138 The Leadership’s Rights 138 The Leadership’s Responsibilities 139 General Workplace Hazards 139 Dressing Appropriately for the Job 139 Save Your Back! 139 Clean Up After Yourself 140 Everything in Its Place 140 Beware of Break Times 140 Machinery and Equipment 141 Electrical 141 Fire and Evacuation 141 Do Not Become a Victim of Violence 142 Hazardous Chemicals: Right to Know 143 Special Chemicals 144 Ethylene Oxide 144 Formalin 144 Glutaraldehyde 144 Medical and Animal-Related Hazards 145 Noise 145 Bathing, Dipping, and Spraying Areas 146 Zoonotic Diseases 146 Viral Infections 146 Bacterial Infections 146 Lyme Disease 146 Fungal Infections 147 Internal Parasites 147 Larval Migrans 147 Protozoal Infections 147 External Parasites 147 Nonzoonotic Diseases 147 A Dirty Mouth? Precautions for Dentistry Operations 148 Radiology 148 Anesthesia 149 Compressed Gases 151 Sharps and Medical Waste 151 Hazardous Drugs and Pharmacy Operations 152 Summary 154 Internet Resources/Recommended Reading 154 Two Patient Management and Nutrition 155 5 Animal Behavior 155 Outline 155 Learning Objectives 155 Key Terms 155 The Technician’s Role in Behavior Counseling 157 Technician Specialists in Behavior 157 Taking A Behavior-Specific History 157 Learning and Animal Behavior Modification 158 Preventing Behavior Problems 161 Step 1: Elicit and Reinforce Appropriate Behavior 162 Step 2: Prevent or Minimize Inappropriate Behavior 162 Crate Training 162 Step 3: Meet the Pet’s Behavioral and Developmental Needs 163 Step 4: Use the “Take Away” Method (Negative Punishment) to Discourage Inappropriate Behavior 164 Step 5: Minimize Discipline (Positive Punishment) and Use It Correctly When Necessary 164 Habituation to Handling 165 Choosing a Pet 165 Medications and Treating Behavior Problems 166 Canine 168 Development 168 Social Behavior 169 Reading Canine Body Language 170 Coping With Behavior in the Clinic 171 Introducing a New Dog 172 Common Behavior Problems 172 Unruly Behaviors 172 Fear, Phobias, and Anxiety 173 Destructive Behavior 174 Canine Aggression 175 House Soiling 176 Cognitive Dysfunction 176 Feline 177 Development 177 Social Behavior 178 Reading Feline Body Language 178 Coping With Feline Behavior in the Clinic 179 Introducing a New Cat 179 Common Behavior Problems 180 Unruly Behaviors 180 Destructive Behavior 180 Feline Aggression 181 Inter-Cat Aggression 181 Aggression Toward People 182 House Soiling 183 Cognitive Dysfunction 186 Equine 186 Communication and the Senses 186 Social Behavior 190 Prey Behavior 190 Sexual Behavior of the Mare 191 Sexual Behavior of the Stallion 191 Maternal Behavior 192 Foal Rejection 193 Common Problem Behaviors 193 Repetitive Behaviors (Stable Vices) 193 Equine Aggression 194 Inter-Horse 194 Aggression Toward Humans 194 Cattle and Small Ruminants 194 Species-Typical Behaviors 194 Dominant/Aggressive Behaviors 195 Submissive Behaviors 195 Sexual Behavior 196 Maternal Behavior 196 Common Behavior Problems 196 Buller Steer Syndrome 196 Aggression to Humans 196 References 197 Recommended Readings 197 6 Restraint and Handling of Animals 198 Outline 198 Learning Objectives 198 Key Terms 198 Indications for Restraint 200 The Approach 200 Observing the Pet Before Approaching 200 Approaching the Pet 201 Capture 202 Capturing a Dog 203 Capturing a Cat 203 Removing a Pet From a Hospital Cage 204 Canine Restraint 205 Options for Restraining a Well-Behaved Dog 205 Options for Restraining an Uncooperative Dog 206 Muzzle 206 Towel 206 Chemical Restraint 207 Feline Restraint 208 Options for Restraining a Well-Behaved Cat 208 Options for Restraining an Uncooperative Cat 208 Towel 208 Scruffing and Alternate Holds 208 Muzzle 208 Gloves, Cat Bag, and Other Devices 209 Chemical Restraint 209 Restraining Dogs and Cats for Specific Procedures 210 Restraint for Venipuncture 210 Restraint for Nail Trimming 210 Introduction to Equine Restraint 212 The Approach 213 Capture of the Equine 214 Adult Equine Restraint Techniques and Devices 216 Juvenile Equine and Foal Restraint Techniques 217 Equine Restraint: Special Circumstances for Specific Procedures 218 Capture and Restraint of Cattle 221 The Approach 221 Low-Stress Handling 221 Capture 222 Restraint Techniques and Devices 224 Additional Head Restraint 225 Tail Restraint 225 Foot Control and Restraint 226 Casting Cows 226 Capture and Restraint of Swine 227 Observation 227 Approach 227 Capture and Restraint Techniques 228 Pet Pigs 229 Capture and Restraint of Small Ruminants 230 Observation 230 Approach 230 Capture 230 Individual Restraint 231 Restraint Techniques for Camelids 231 Handling and Restraint of Cervids 232 Capture and Restraint of Avian and Exotic Species 233 Restraint of Avian Species 233 Psittacines 233 Observation and Approach 233 Restraint Techniques 233 Chemical Restraint 235 Passerines 235 Birds of Prey 235 Restraint of Small Mammals 236 Rabbits 236 Restraint 236 Chemical Restraint 237 Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas 237 Ferrets 237 Restraint 237 Chemical Restraint 238 Hamsters, Mice, Hedgehogs, Sugar Gliders, and Gerbils 238 Handling and Restraint of Reptiles 238 Lizards 238 Snakes 240 Turtles and Tortoises 240 Recommended Readings 241 Canine and Feline Restraint and Handling 241 Equine Restraint and Handling 241 Equine-Related Websites 241 Cattle, Swine, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Cervids 242 Restraint and Handling of Exotic Species 242 7 History and Physical Examination 243 Outline 243 Learning Objectives 243 Key Terms 243 History and Physical Examination of Small Animals 245 History 245 The Role of the Veterinary Technician 245 Developing Rapport With the Client 245 Asking the Questions 245 Documenting the Information 246 The Information 246 Signalment 246 Background Information 246 General Management 246 Preventive Medicine 246 Behavioral Information 246 Household Information 247 Allergy History 247 Reproductive History 248 Past Pertinent Medical History 248 Presenting Complaint 248 Last Normal 248 Progression 248 Systems Review 248 Medications 248 Physical Examination 248 Documenting the Information 250 Surroundings 250 Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration 250 Systems Review 252 Oropharyngeal System 253 Eyes 253 Ears 254 Respiratory System 256 Cardiovascular System 257 Gastrointestinal System 259 Rectal Examination 260 Urogenital 261 Integument 262 Lymph Nodes 262 Musculoskeletal System 263 Nervous System 264 History and Physical Examination of Large Animals 265 History 266 Owner/Agent Information 266 Signalment of the Animal 266 Individual History and Chief Complaint 267 Medication and Treatment History 267 Herd Health History 267 Physical Examination of Large Animals 268 Physical Examination of the Equine 268 Getting Started 268 Body Temperature 269 Pulse Rate/Heart Rate 270 Respiratory Rate 272 Heart Auscultation 272 Lung Auscultation 273 Abdominal Auscultation 273 Mucous Membranes 274 Hydration Status 275 Height/Weight Measurement 275 Physical Examination of Ruminants 276 Recommended Readings 279 8 Preventive Health Programs 280 Outline 280 Learning Objectives 280 Key Terms 280 Preventive Health Programs for Dogs and Cats 282 Lifelong Wellness 282 Wellness in Puppies and Kittens 282 Wellness in Adult Dogs and in Adult and Mature Cats 283 Senior and Geriatric Animal Wellness 283 Grooming 284 Immunity 284 Active Immunity versus Passive Immunity 284 Vaccine Types 285 Storage, Reconstitution, and Dosing 285 Routes of Administration 286 Core versus Noncore Vaccines 287 Onset and Duration of Immunity 287 Feline Immunizations 289 Rabies (Core Vaccine) 289 Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FHV-1) and Calicivirus (FCV) (Core Vaccine) 292 Feline Panleukopenia (FPV) (Core Vaccine) 292 Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) (Noncore Vaccine) 292 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) (Noncore Vaccine) 292 Chlamydophila felis (Noncore Vaccine) 293 Bordetella bronchiseptica (Noncore Vaccine) 293 Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) (Noncore Vaccine) 293 Giardia lamblia (Noncore Vaccine) 293 Canine Immunizations 293 Rabies (Core Vaccine) 293 Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) (Core Vaccine) 293 Canine Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2) (Core Vaccine) 294 Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) (Core Vaccine) 294 Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPiV) (Noncore Vaccine) 294 Leptospirosis (Noncore Vaccine) 294 Bordetella bronchiseptica (Noncore Vaccine) 295 Borrelia burgdorferi (Noncore Vaccine) 295 Canine Influenza (Noncore Vaccine) 295 Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) (Noncore Vaccine) 295 Adverse Vaccine Events 295 Parasite Prevention 296 Preventive Health Program for Horses 297 Physical Examination 297 Vaccinations 297 Tetanus Vaccines 298 Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan Encephalitis Vaccines 298 Equine Herpesvirus Vaccines 301 Equine Influenza Vaccines 301 Strangles Vaccines 305 Equine Viral Arteritis Vaccine 305 Potomac Horse Fever Vaccines 305 Botulism Vaccine 305 Anthrax Vaccine 306 Rabies Vaccines 306 West Nile Virus Vaccines 306 Parasites 306 Dental Care 306 Hoof Care 307 Nutrition 307 Preventive Health Programs for Livestock Species 307 Swine 307 Birth to Weaning 307 Growing Pigs 308 Breeding Animals 308 Cattle 308 Birth to Weaning 308 Growing Cattle 309 Breeding Animals 310 Small Ruminants: Sheep and Goats 310 Newborn and Growing Animals 310 The Breeding Herd 311 Summary 312 Recommended Readings 312 Dogs and Cats 312 Horses 312 Livestock 312 9 Small Animal Nutrition 313 Outline 313 Learning Objectives 314 Key Terms 313 Nutrients 315 Water 315 Protein 315 Fat 315 Carbohydrate 316 Fiber 316 Vitamins 316 Minerals 317 Supplements 317 Energy 317 Food Intake and Regulation 317 Energy Units 317 Energy Partitioning 317 Metabolizable Energy Measurement 318 Atwater Factors 318 Energy Density 318 Measurements of Energy Expenditure 318 Protein 319 Dietary Requirements 319 Protein Quality 320 Fat 320 Structure 320 Dietary Requirements 321 Carbohydrate 322 Dietary Requirements 322 Fiber 322 Dietary Requirements 322 Vitamins 322 Dietary Requirements 322 Vitamin A 322 Vitamin D 323 Vitamin E 323 Vitamin K 323 Thiamin 323 Riboflavin 324 Niacin 324 Pyridoxine 324 Cobalamin 324 Pantothenic Acid 324 Folic Acid 324 Biotin 324 Choline 324 Ascorbic Acid 324 Minerals 324 Dietary Requirements 324 Calcium 324 Phosphorus 325 Magnesium 325 Sodium 325 Potassium 325 Chloride 325 Iron 325 Copper 326 Zinc 326 Manganese 326 Selenium 326 Iodine 326 Other Minerals 326 Commercial Pet Food 326 History 326 Types 327 Marketing 327 All-Purpose 327 Specific-Purpose 328 Value 328 Premium 328 People Food 328 Flavors and Varieties 328 Ingredients 329 Nutrients 329 Natural 329 Organic 329 Holistic 329 Raw 329 Veterinary Therapeutic Diets 330 Pet Food Regulation 331 Food and Drug Administration–Center for Veterinary Medicine 331 U.S. Department of Agriculture 331 Association of American Feed Control Officials 331 National Research Council 332 The Federal Trade Commission 332 Pet Food Labels 332 Principal Display Panel 332 Information Panel 332 Product Identity 332 Net Weight 333 Guaranteed Analysis 333 Ingredient Statement 334 Statement of Nutritional Adequacy 334 Feeding Directions 334 Home-Prepared Pet Food 335 Including or Avoiding Specific Ingredients 335 Chemicals 335 Preservatives 335 Additives 336 By-products 336 Perceived Low Quality of Pet Foods 336 Avoiding Contaminants and Toxins 336 Perceived Health Benefits 337 Food Allergy or Intolerance 337 Palatability 337 Cost 337 Human-Animal Bond 337 Recipes and Sources 337 Not Complete and Balanced 338 Not Appropriate for Life Stage or Health 338 Safety Concerns 338 Vague Recipes 338 Home Recipe Formulation 339 Feeding Healthy Dogs and Cats 339 Dogs 339 Neonatal Period 339 Weaning 340 Growth 340 Energy 341 Protein 341 Fat 341 Calcium and Phosphorus 341 Feeding Plan for Growth 341 Adult Maintenance 342 Energy 343 Protein 343 Fat 344 Fiber 344 Vitamins and Minerals 344 Feeding Plan for Adult Maintenance 344 Gestation 345 Parturition 345 Lactation 345 Working and Performance 346 Seniors 346 Energy 346 Protein 346 Fat 346 Fiber 346 Vitamins and Minerals 347 Feeding Plan for Seniors 347 Cats 347 Neonatal Period 347 Weaning 347 Growth 347 Energy 347 Protein 347 Fat 348 Calcium and Phosphorus 348 Feeding Plan for Growth 349 Adult Maintenance 349 Energy 349 Protein 349 Fat 349 Fiber 349 Vitamins and Minerals 350 Feeding Plan for Adult Maintenance 350 Reproduction 350 Seniors 351 Clinical Nutrition 351 Assisted Feeding 351 Enteral Assisted Feeding 352 Nasoesophageal or Nasogastric Tubes 352 Esophagostomy Tubes 353 Gastrostomy Tubes 353 Jejunostomy Tubes 354 Parenteral Assisted Feeding 356 Nutritional Strategies for Obesity 357 Recommended Readings 358 10 Large Animal Nutrition 359 Outline 359 Learning Objectives 359 Key Terms 359 Nutrients 362 Protein 363 Use by Ruminants 363 Fats 364 Carbohydrates 364 Feedstuff Energy 364 Minerals and Vitamins 365 Water 365 Dairy Cattle 365 Energy 368 Protein 370 Minerals and Vitamins 370 Dairy Calves 370 Beef Cattle 371 Cow-Calf Production 371 Energy 373 Protein 373 Minerals and Vitamins 373 Calves 374 Finishing Cattle 374 Energy 374 Protein 374 Minerals and Vitamins 374 Sheep 375 Breeding Flock 375 Energy 376 Protein 376 Minerals and Vitamins 378 Lambs 378 Swine 378 Breeding Herd 378 Energy 379 Protein 379 Minerals and Vitamins 379 Starter Pigs 380 Growing-Finishing Pigs 380 Energy 380 Protein 380 Minerals and Vitamins 381 Horses 381 Maintenance Horses 381 Water 381 Energy 381 Protein 383 Minerals and Vitamins 383 Vitamins 383 Gestation and Lactation 383 Energy 383 Protein 384 Minerals and Vitamins 384 Foals 384 Water 385 Minerals and Vitamins for Growing Horses 385 Working Horses 385 Water 385 Energy 385 Protein 385 Minerals 387 Feeding Sick Horses 387 References 387 Recommended Readings 387 11 Animal Reproduction (Theriogenology) 388 Outline 388 Learning Objectives 388 Key Terms 388 Overview of Female Reproduction 390 Anatomy 390 Physiology 390 Endocrinology 390 Ovulation 390 Estrous Cycle 391 Embryo 391 Overview of Male Reproduction 392 Anatomy 392 Physiology 392 Spermatogenesis 394 Canine Reproduction 394 General 394 Estrous Cycle 395 Proestrus 395 Estrus 399 Diestrus 399 Anestrus 400 Breeding 400 Gestation 400 Parturition 400 Feline Reproduction 401 General 401 Estrous Cycle 401 Gestation 402 Parturition 402 Equine Reproduction 402 General 402 Estrous Cycle 403 Estrus 405 Examination of the Reproductive Tract 407 Insemination 408 Gestation 408 Parturition 409 Bovine Reproduction 409 General 409 Estrous Cycle 409 Insemination 410 Gestation 411 Parturition 411 Ovine Reproduction 411 General 411 Estrous Cycle 412 Breeding 412 Gestation 413 Caprine Reproduction 413 General 413 Camelid Reproduction 413 General 413 Breeding 413 Gestation 413 Parturition 413 Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male 414 Semen Analysis 415 Other Diagnostic Tests 416 Breeding Soundness Examination of the Female 416 Recommended Readings 417 Three Clinical Sciences 419 12 Hematology and Cytology 419 Outline 419 Learning Objectives 419 Key Terms 419 Hematology 421 Complete Blood Count (CBC) 421 Automated Hematology Analyzers 421 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) 422 Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count 423 Hemoglobin Concentration 423 Red Blood Cell Indices 423 Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) 424 Plasma Protein Concentration 424 White Blood Cell (WBC) Count 425 Platelet Count 426 Preparation of Blood Smears 426 Blood Smear Evaluation 427 Platelets 429 RBCs 430 WBCs 435 Neutrophils 435 Eosinophils 438 Basophils 438 Lymphocytes 438 Monocytes 438 Other Cells 439 Coagulation Testing 439 Cytology 440 Solid Tissue Masses and Enlarged Organs 440 Thoracic and Abdominal Effusions 441 Synovial (Joint) Fluid 442 Stains, Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry, and DNA-Based Testing 442 Submission of Samples to a Reference Laboratory 442 Otic Cytology 443 Recommended Readings 444 Hematology 444 Cytology 444 13 Clinical Chemistry, Serology, and Urinalysis 445 Outline 445 Learning Objectives 445 Key Terms 445 Clinical Chemistry 446 Preanalytical Factors 447 Analytical Factors 448 Chemistry Analyzers 448 Quality Control 449 Serology 450 Types of Serologic Tests 451 Urinalysis 452 Equipment and Collection 452 Color and Turbidity 452 Specific Gravity 453 Chemical Evaluation 453 pH 453 Protein 454 Glucose 454 Ketones 454 Bilirubin 454 Blood or Heme 454 Microscopic Examination 455 Cellular Elements 455 Casts 455 Crystals 455 Microorganisms 457 Recommended Readings 459 Chemistry 459 Quality Control 459 Serology 459 Urinalysis 459 14 Parasitology 460 Outline 460 Learning Objectives 460 Key Terms 460 The Veterinary Technician’s Role in Educating Clients Regarding Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases of Small Animals 463 Trematodes (Flukes) of Zoonotic Importance 463 Paragonimus Kellicotti (Lung Fluke of Dogs and Cats) 463 Species Affected 463 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 463 Abbreviated Life Cycle 463 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 465 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 465 Treatment 465 Prevention and Control Techniques 465 Avian Schistosomes (Causative Agent of Schistosome Cercarial Dermatitis) 465 Species Affected 465 Location of Parasite Within Host 465 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 466 Abbreviated Life Cycle 466 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 467 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 467 Treatment 467 Prevention and Control Techniques 467 Cestodes (Tapeworms) and Metacestodes (Larval Tapeworms) of Zoonotic Importance 467 Dipylidium Caninum (Cucumber Seed Tapeworm, Double-Pored Tapeworm) 467 Species Affected 467 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 467 Abbreviated Life Cycle 468 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 469 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 470 Treatment 470 Prevention and Control Techniques 470 Echinococcus Granulosus/Echinococcus Multilocularis 470 Species Affected 470 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 470 Abbreviated Life Cycle 471 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 471 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 471 Treatment 472 Prevention and Control Techniques 472 Spirometra Mansonoides 472 Species Affected 472 Location of Parasite Within Hosts 472 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 472 Abbreviated Life Cycle 472 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 473 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 473 Treatment 473 Prevention and Control Techniques 473 Nematodes—Roundworms of Zoonotic Importance 473 Toxocara Canis, Toxocara Cati, and Toxascaris Leonina (Ascarids and Roundworms)—Visceral Larva Migrans and Ocular Larva Migrans 474 Species Affected 474 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 474 Abbreviated Life Cycle 474 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 475 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 475 Treatment 475 Prevention and Control Techniques 476 Baylisascaris Procyonis—neurologic Larva Migrans 476 Species Affected 476 Location of Parasite Within Host 476 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 476 Abbreviated Life Cycle 476 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 476 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 476 Treatment 477 Prevention and Control Techniques 477 Ancylostoma Caninum, Ancylostoma Braziliense, and Ancylostoma Tubaeforme; Uncinaria Stenocephala (Hookworms)—Cutaneous Larva Migrans (Creeping Eruption, Plumber’s Itch, Sandworms) 477 Species Affected 477 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 477 Abbreviated Life Cycle 478 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 478 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 478 Treatment 479 Prevention and Control Techniques 479 Trichuris Vulpis (Whipworms)—Trichuriasis 479 Species Affected 479 Location of Parasite Within Host 479 Key Clinical Signs of Affected Animals 479 Abbreviated Life Cycle 480 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 480 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 480 Treatment 480 Prevention and Control Techniques 480 Strongyloides Stercoralis and Strongyloides Cati; (Threadworms)—Strongyloidosis Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus Feline Lungworm 480 Species Affected 480 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 480 Abbreviated Life Cycle 481 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 481 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 482 Treatment 482 Prevention and Control Techniques 482 Enterobius Vermicularis (Human Pinworm)—Enterobiasis 482 Species Affected 482 Location of Parasite Within Host 482 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 482 Abbreviated Life Cycle 482 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 482 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 483 Treatment 483 Prevention and Control Techniques 483 Dirofilaria Immitis (Heartworm)—Human Dirofilariasis 483 Species Affected 483 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 483 Abbreviated Life Cycle 483 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 484 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 484 Treatment for Animals 484 Prevention and Control Techniques 484 Arthropods of Zoonotic Importance 484 Acarines (Mites and Ticks) 484 Sarcoptes scabei 484 Species Affected 484 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 485 Abbreviated Life Cycle 485 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 485 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 485 Treatment 485 Prevention and Control Techniques 485 Otodectes cynotis (Oh-toe-DECK-teez sigh-an-OH-tiss) 485 Demodex canis (DEE-moe-decks KAY-niss) 486 Cheyletiella parasitivorax 486 Species Affected 486 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 486 Abbreviated Life Cycle 486 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 486 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 486 Treatment 486 Prevention and Control Techniques 486 Trombicula Species (Chiggers) 487 Species Affected 487 Location of Parasite Within Host 487 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Animals 487 Abbreviated Life Cycle 487 Laboratory Test(s) Used to Diagnose the Infection 487 Zoonotic Potential for Clients 487 Treatment 487 Prevention and Control Techniques 487 Ticks (various species) 488 Species Affected 488 Key Clinical Signs of Infected Anima

Clinical Reasoning and Decision-Making Process: Child and Adolescent Assessment and Intervention presents an in-depth analysis by experienced psychologists on how to engage in clinical reasoning and decision making from assessment to intervention with children and youth. This book emphasizes the importance of using and articulating clinical reasoning within a well-defined framework and its goal in guiding diagnostic and treatment decisions. This book encourages critical thinking including reflection, judgment, inference, problem solving, and decision-making based on the interaction of efficient and effective clinical judgment and truth-seeking accountability. With a primary goal of providing examples of processes and procedures, this book validates and enriches the importance of clinical reasoning and decision making in psychology.

Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion (2025) 257-323. doi:10.1016/B978-0-44-329158-6.00012-4

Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion (2025) 45-93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-44-329158-6.00008-2

## Key points • The analysis examines the patterns and advancements observed in the literature on the underpricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) over the years. • The research identifies significant countries, journals, authors, and citation trends in the field of IPO underpricing. • The study emphasizes the necessity for international collaboration and cooperation in IPO research, by presenting influ- ential variables that impact the degree of underpricing. • The document also explores the methodology employed in the research, including bibliometric analysis and content analysis. • It includes a compilation of the top 10 most frequently cited publications in the field of IPO underpricing, indicating a recent focus on irrational theories and risk factors in the literature.

Clinical Applications of Echo Doppler Haemodynamics is precisely the book cardiologists and cardiology trainees have been waiting for. While this essential area of echocardiography is crucial to cardiologists and all cardiac imagers, there are no dedicated books for case-based Doppler Echocardiography. This often-overlooked discipline integrates physiology with interpretation of a wide variety of real-life echo Doppler tracings. It contains critical information for professionals around the world, including contents highly relevant to their day-to-day practice as well as its unique case studies. An abundance of knowledge in this area can currently be found randomly in various textbooks, but they lack cohesive, dedicated explanations and discussions. Clinical Applications of Echo Doppler Haemodynamics presents the reader with 100 different Doppler images, exemplifying (among other things) cardiophysiology image analysis, LVOT, pulmonary pressures, shunts, congenital heart disease and ECMO. It quite literally gives medical professionals a new way to look at the heart, better allowing them to diagnose and treat previously under-identified ailments. It is a must-have for healthcare workers interested in the most accurate, up-to-date methods of cardiac imaging and Doppler interpretation.

Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion (2025) 95-133. doi:10.1016/B978-0-44-329158-6.00009-4

Gain a full understanding of the basic principles and techniques of digital imaging! Using an easy-to-understand format and style, Digital Radiography and PACS, 4th Edition provides the latest information on digital imaging systems. It offers tips on producing clear radiographic images, and helps you build skills in computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR), as well as picture archiving and communications systems (PACS). Coverage also includes quality control and management guidelines for PACS, CR, and DR. Written by noted educators Christi Carter and Beth Veale, this book provides excellent preparation for the ARRT credentialing exam and for success as a practicing radiographer or technologist. Coverage of digital imaging and PACS is provided at the right level for student radiographers and for practicing technologists transitioning to digital imaging. Chapter outlines, learning objectives, and key terms at the beginning of each chapter introduce the chapter content, and help students organize study and boost their comprehension. More than 200 photographs and illustrations help to illuminate digital imaging concepts. Practical information addresses topics such as working with CR/DR workstations, including advanced image processing and manipulation functions; PACS workstations, archiving solutions, and system architectures; and effective techniques for digitizing film, printing images, and preparing image files. Bulleted summaries recap the main points of each chapter, ensuring that students focus on the most important concepts. Review questions at the end of chapters are linked to the chapter objectives and help students assess their understanding of the material, with answers provided to instructors on the Evolve website. NEW! Latest information on digital imaging systems includes computed radiography (CR), digital radiography (DR), and picture archiving and communications systems (PACS), as well as the data required by practicing technologists who are transitioning to digital imaging. NEW! Updates reflect the latest ARRT and ASRT content specifications. NEW! Full-color design is added to this edition.

2 Empirical strategy and results 3 Conclusion 7 References 7 Key points • This article synthesizes three papers that empirically investigate the impact of climate change on sovereign risks. • Three proxies of sovereign risk are used: government bond yields and spreads, the probability of sovereign debt defaults and sovereign credit ratings. • A large panel of advanced and developing countries over the period 1995e2017 is inspected. • Vulnerability to climate change increases the government's borrowing costs, reduces the credit rating, and positively affects the probability of debt default, especially in developing countries.

Introduction Key variables and hypothesis building Environmental quality (ENVQ) Digital adoption (DA) and environmental quality (ENVQ) Digital adoption (DA), industrialization (IND), urbanization (URB) and government effectiveness (GOVEFF) Globalization (GLOB), industrialization (IND), and government effectiveness (GOVEFF) Renewable energy consumption (REC), industrialization (IND), government effectiveness (GOVEFF) Model formulation and techniques of data analysis Multiple linear regression Moderated multiple linear regression Discussion Conclusions and policy implications References ## Key points • To examine whether or not digital adoption improves environmental quality and facilitates sustainability, moderated multiple linear regression technique has been employed on the cross section data of 55 emerging economies from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. • Environmental quality (ENVQ) is proxied by material footprint per capita (MFPC) where higher MFPC implies environ- mental degradation. • The main and interaction effects of six key variables such as digital adoption (DA), urbanization (URB), industrialization (IND), globalization (GLOB), renewable energy consumption (REC), government effectiveness (GOVEFF) on ENVQ is studied. • The study reiterates the fact that digital adoptions have the potential to reduce environmental sins as the impact of DA on ENVQ is the highest. • Among others, the study points toward the role clean and green technologies can play in improving ENVQ.