"This book presents experimental techniques in the field of aerodynamics, a discipline that is essential in numerous areas, such as the design of aerial and ground vehicles and engines, the production of energy, and understanding the wind resistance of buildings. Aerodynamics is not only concerned with improving the performance and comfort of vehicles, but also with reducing their environmental impact. The book provides updated information on the experimental and technical methods used by aerodynamicists, engineers and researchers. It describes the various types of wind tunnels - from subsonic to hypersonic - as well as the problems posed by their design and operation. The book also focuses on metrology, which has allowed us to gain a detailed understanding of the local properties of flows, and examines current developments toward creating a methodology combining experiments and numerical simulations: the computer-assisted wind tunnel. Lastly, it offers an overview of experimental aerodynamics based on a prospective vision of the discipline, and discusses potential futures challenges. The book can be used as a textbook for graduate courses in aerodynamics, typically offered to students of aerospace and mechanical engineering programs, and as a learning tool for professionals and engineers in the fields of aerodynamics, aeronautics and astronautics automobile."

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nexusstc/Experimental Aerodynamics (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)/f9c9c1d3262d4582dc53905c05bed485.pdf

lgrsnf/2222.pdf

scihub/10.1007/978-3-030-35562-3.pdf

zlib/no-category/Chanetz, Bruno; Délery, Jean; Gilliéron, Patrick; Gnemmi, Patrick; Gowree, Erwin R.; Perrier, Philippe/[Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering] Experimental Aerodynamics (An Introductory Guide) ||_109269816.pdf

Experimental Aerodynamics: An Introductory Guide (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)

Bruno Chanetz; Jean Délery; Patrick Gilliéron; Patrick Gnemmi; Erwin Ricky Gowree; Philippe Perrier; et al

Bruno Chanetz; J Délery; Patrick Gilliéron; Patrick Gnemmi; Erwin R Gowree; Pierre Perrier

0008471

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer tracts in mechanical engineering, Cham, Switzerland, 2020

Springer tracts in mechanical engineering (Internet), Cham, 2020

Springer tracts in mechanical engineering (Print), Cham, 2020

Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, Singapore, © 2020

1st ed. 2020, Cham, Switzerland, 2020

Springer Nature, Cham, 2020

Switzerland, Switzerland

Jan 30, 2020

8, 20200103

sm79474289

producers:
Acrobat Distiller 10.0.0 (Windows)

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Source title: Experimental Aerodynamics: An Introductory Guide (Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering)

Foreword 6
Preface 7
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 14
About the Authors 20
Acronyms 22
1 The Experimental Approach in Aerodynamic Design 25
1.1 Aerodynamics, What for? 25
1.2 Review of the Theory 30
1.3 Limitations and Constraints of Numerical Methods 35
1.4 Some Constraints for Wind Tunnel Test 36
1.5 Deformation of Models 37
1.6 Industrial Aerodynamics Testing: Combining Tests and Numerical Simulation 38
1.7 Flight Tests 39
1.7.1 Flight Test Beds 39
1.7.2 Catapulted Flight Test 40
1.7.3 Aeroballistics Flight Test 42
1.8 Simulated Altitude Test Cells 45
1.8.1 Impact of Altitude 45
1.8.2 How Does an Altitude Test Cell Work? 46
1.8.3 Benefits of Simulated Altitude Tests in Addition to Ground 48
2 Wind Tunnels and Other Aerodynamic Test Facilities 50
2.1 Background of Wind Tunnels 50
2.1.1 Wind Tunnel Principle 50
2.1.2 The Eiffel Type or Open Circuit Wind Tunnel 51
2.1.3 The Prandtl Type or Closed Circuit Wind Tunnel 52
2.2 From Wind Tunnel Test to Reality 53
2.3 Reynolds Number Effect and Laminar to Turbulent Transition 55
2.4 Dynamics Similarity and Dimensionless Parameters 56
2.5 Constraints of Testing in a Wind Tunnel 57
2.5.1 Effects of Blockage in the Test Section 57
2.5.2 Model Installation and Different Kinds of Support 58
2.5.3 Freestream Vortical and Acoustic Perturbations 63
2.6 The Main Sections of a Wind Tunnel 65
2.7 Design and Manufacturing of Wind Tunnel Models 68
3 Subsonic Wind Tunnels 74
3.1 Subsonic Wind Tunnels for Aeronautics 74
3.1.1 Historical Subsonic Wind Tunnels in France 74
3.1.2 Circular to Octagonal Cross Section Wind Tunnel 76
3.1.3 Low Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel 78
3.1.4 Multiple Test Section Wind Tunnel 80
3.1.5 Low Turbulence Research Wind Tunnel 82
3.1.6 Pressurised Subsonic Wind Tunnel 84
3.1.7 Large Research Wind Tunnels 86
3.2 Special Purpose Wind Tunnels 90
3.2.1 Vertical Wind Tunnel 90
3.2.2 Climatic Wind Tunnels 91
3.2.3 Icing Wind Tunnel 93
3.2.4 Anechoic Chambers and Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnels 96
3.2.5 Dual Purpose Aerodynamic and Acoustic Wind Tunnel 104
3.3 Wind Tunnels for Ground Vehicles 105
3.3.1 Specifications 105
3.3.2 Long Test Section Wind Tunnel 106
3.3.3 Wind Tunnels for Full Scale Automobile 107
3.4 Water Tunnels 114
3.4.1 General Description 114
3.4.2 Low Speed Water Tunnel 116
3.4.3 Hydrodynamic Channel for Polarographic Measurements 117
4 Transonic Wind Tunnels 119
4.1 Definition of the Transonic Regime 119
4.2 Blockage Reduction and Flow Un-Chocking 120
4.2.1 Perforated or Slotted Walls 120
4.2.2 Adaptive Walls 121
4.2.3 Reflection of Disturbances 123
4.2.4 Double Throat Diffuser 124
4.3 Typical Transonic Wind Tunnels 125
4.3.1 Very Large Transonic Wind Tunnel 125
4.3.2 Transonic Wind Tunnel for Research 128
4.3.3 Transonic-Supersonic Wind Tunnel 129
4.3.4 A Cryogenic and Pressurised Wind Tunnel: The European Transonic Wind Tunnel 131
5 Supersonic Wind Tunnels 136
5.1 Convergent-Divergent Nozzle 136
5.2 Defining of the Contour of a Supersonic Nozzle 138
5.3 Typical Supersonic Wind Tunnels 142
5.3.1 Basic Research Supersonic Wind Tunnel 142
5.3.2 Low Turbulence Supersonic Wind Tunnel 143
5.3.3 Transonic/Supersonic Open Jet Facilities 146
5.3.4 Large Variable Mach Number Wind Tunnel 147
5.3.5 Blow Down Transonic/Supersonic Wind Tunnel 151
5.4 Mach 6 Quiet Wind Tunnel 152
6 Hypersonic Wind Tunnels 156
6.1 Types of Hypersonic Wind Tunnels 156
6.2 Hypersonic “Cold” Wind Tunnels 157
6.3 Hypersonic “Hot” or Hyper-enthalpic Wind Tunnels 162
6.3.1 Hot Shot Wind Tunnels 162
6.3.2 Shock Tubes and Shock Tunnels 164
6.3.3 High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel 168
6.3.4 Plasma Wind Tunnels 171
6.3.5 Continuous Plasma Wind Tunnel 174
6.3.6 Other Plasma Type Facilities 178
7 Flow Visualisation Techniques 186
7.1 Earlier Contribution to Visualisation Techniques 186
7.2 Surface Flow Visualisations 188
7.2.1 Surface Oil Flow Visualisation 188
7.2.2 Visualisation by Sublimating Product 191
7.3 Visualisation in Water Tunnels 191
7.4 Laser Tomoscopy or Laser Sheet Visualisation 192
7.5 Visualisation by Optical Imaging 193
7.5.1 Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques 193
7.5.2 Interferometry 198
7.5.3 Differential Interferometry 198
7.6 Short Exposure Time Visualisation 201
7.7 Visualisation by Induced Light Emission 201
7.7.1 Glow Discharge Method 201
7.7.2 Electron Beam-Induced Fluorescence (EBF) 202
8 Measurement of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 204
8.1 The Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 204
8.2 Aerodynamic Balances 206
8.2.1 Forces and Strain Gauges 206
8.2.2 Sting Type Force Balance 209
8.2.3 Force Balance by Direct Force Measurements 211
8.2.4 Balance for Ground Vehicle 214
8.3 Drag Determination from Wake Survey 216
9 Characterisation of Flow Properties at the Surface 220
9.1 The Action of a Fluid at the Wall 220
9.2 Measurement of Pressure at the Wall 221
9.2.1 Pressure Scanning Systems 221
9.2.2 Types of Pressure Transducers 222
9.2.3 Sensitivity and Response Time 224
9.3 Pressure Sensitive Paint 227
9.3.1 Principle and Composition of the Pressure Sensitive Paint 227
9.3.2 Relation Between the Pressure and the Luminous Intensity 228
9.3.3 Main Areas of Application of the PSP 229
9.3.4 Developments in the Field of PSP 232
9.4 Skin Friction Measurement 233
9.4.1 Floating Element Balance 233
9.4.2 Hot Film Surface Gauge 233
9.4.3 Stanton and Preston Tubes 234
9.4.4 Oil Film Interferometry 234
9.4.5 Liquid Crystals Thermography 236
9.4.6 Adjustment Based on the Logarithmic Law of Turbulent Boundary Layers 236
9.5 Measurement of the Wall Heat Transfer 238
9.5.1 Calorimetric Techniques 238
9.5.2 Thermo-Sensitive Paints 240
9.5.3 Infrared Thermography 242
9.6 Measurement of Deformations of the Models 245
10 Intrusive Measurement Techniques 246
10.1 Solid Probes: Benefits and Limitations 246
10.2 Pressure Probes 247
10.2.1 Measurement of Stagnation or Total Pressure, Pitot Probe 247
10.2.2 Measurement Using Pitot-Static or Prandtl Probe 248
10.2.3 Multi-holes Probe to Resolve the Direction of the Velocity Vector 250
10.3 Temperature Probes 251
10.4 Measurement Using Hot Wire and Hot Film Anemometry 252
10.4.1 Basic Principles 252
10.4.2 Modes of Hot-Wire Anemometry 254
10.4.3 Types of Hot Wire Probes 255
10.4.4 Applications 256
11 Non-intrusive Measurement Techniques 258
11.1 Basic Principle of Non-intrusive Techniques 258
11.2 Interferometry 259
11.2.1 Light Interference and Refractive Index 259
11.2.2 Mach-Zehnder Interferometry 261
11.2.3 Holographic Interferometry 262
11.3 Mechanism of Light Scattering 263
11.4 Laser Doppler Velocimetry or Anemometry 264
11.4.1 Basic Principles 264
11.4.2 Signal Analysis 266
11.4.3 Modes of Operation 267
11.4.4 Multi-components Measurements 268
11.4.5 Flow Seeding 269
11.5 Doppler Global Velocimetry 271
11.6 Particle Image Velocimetry 272
11.6.1 Basic Principle of Planar PIV 272
11.6.2 Image Processing 273
11.6.3 Three Components Stereo PIV 275
11.6.4 PIV Tomography or PIV 3D 277
11.6.5 Particle Tracking Velocimetry 278
11.6.6 Time Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry 279
11.6.7 PIV Vs. LDV: A Brief Conclusion 280
12 Laser Spectroscopy and Electron Beam Excitation 282
12.1 Basic Principles 282
12.2 Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 284
12.3 Rayleigh Scattering 285
12.4 Raman Scattering 286
12.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering 287
12.6 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) 289
12.7 Electron Beam-Induced Fluorescence (EBF) 290
12.8 Electron Beam Induced Glow Discharge Measurements 291
12.9 Detection of X-ray Emission by Electron Beam Excitation 292
13 Computer-Aided Wind Tunnel Test and Analysis 294
13.1 Experimental Versus Numerical Analysis 294
13.2 CFD for the Preparation of Wind Tunnel Tests 296
13.3 Correction and Monitoring of Wind Tunnel Results by CFD 298
13.4 Towards the Hybrid Wind Tunnel 299
13.5 Reconstruction of Data 302
14 Prospects and Challenges for Aerodynamics 305
14.1 Role of the Wind Tunnel in Design and Optimisation 305
14.2 Flow Control 307
14.3 Developments in Aeroacoustic Measurements 310
14.4 Search for Novel Aircraft Architectures 310
14.5 Supersonic and Hypersonic Flights 313
14.6 Prospects for the Aerodynamic Design 315
14.7 Aerodynamics and Teaching 317
Bibliography 319

2020-01-03