Descripción del editor: "This book discusses the most commonly used techniques for characterizing magnetic material properties and their applications. It provides a comprehensive and easily digestible collection and review of magnetic measurement techniques. It also examines the underlying operating principles and techniques of magnetic measurements, and presents current examples where such measurements and properties are relevant. Given the pervasive nature of magnetic materials in everyday life, this book is a vital resource for both professionals and students wishing to deepen their understanding of the subject." (Springer)

lgrsnf/Franco V. Magnetic Measurement Techniques for Materials Characterization 2021.pdf

zlib/Engineering/Victorino Franco (editor), Brad Dodrill (editor)/Magnetic Measurement Techniques for Materials Characterization_17564344.pdf

Brad Dodrill; Victorino Franco

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer Nature, Cham, 2021

Switzerland, Switzerland

Cham, Switzerland, 2021

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Units in Magnetism
Units for Magnetic Quantities
1 The Centimeter-Gram-Second System of Units
2 The Rationalized Meter-Kilogram-Second-Ampere System
3 The International System of Units
4 Conversion Factors
5 Epilogue
References
Part II Inductive and Force-Based Techniques for Measuring Bulk Magnetic Properties
Vibrating Sample Magnetometry
1 Magnetic Measurement Techniques
2 Electromagnet-Based VSM
3 VSM Components and Extensions
Theory: Anisotropy Constants from Vector Magnetization Data
4 First-Order Reversal Curves (FORC)
5 Summary
References
Recent Advances in SQUID Magnetometry
1 Introduction to SQUID Magnetometry
2 Primary Components of a SQUID-Based Magnetometer
Sample Transport
Second-Order Gradiometer
The DC SQUID
Properties of SC Loops
Josephson Junctions
SQUID Functionality
Flux Locking
3 Detection Modes
Traditional DC Scan
Squid-VSM
Strengths and Weaknesses of each Detection Mode
4 Sample Environment
Temperature Control and Thermometry
Magnetic Field Control
5 Improving Measurement Accuracy
Sample Mounting Considerations: Basics
Background Subtraction
Background Subtraction: Traditional DC Scan
Background Subtraction: SQUID-VSM
Sample Centering and Size/Shape Effects
Superconducting Solenoids-Remanent Field
6 Additional Capabilities of the SQUID Magnetometer
7 Conclusions
References
AC Susceptometry
1 Introduction
Theory of AC Susceptibility
Units and Conventions
Demagnetizing Factors
Magnetic Relaxation
Screening
AC Susceptometer Design
Working with an AC Susceptometer
Research Examples
Differential Probe of Magnetism
Determining the Skin Depth in Conducting Samples
Measuring Spin Relaxation in Magnetic Materials
Summary
References
DC Hysteresigraphs for Hard and Soft Materials
1 Introduction to DC Hysteresigraphs for Hard Magnetic Materials
2 Why Do we Need a DC Hysteresigraph for Hard Magnetic Materials?
3 Materials to Test
4 Theory
5 Measurement Equipment/Block Diagram
6 Making a Measurement
Sample Magnetization
Initial Curves
7 Alternative Measurement Sensors
8 Temperature Measurements
9 Limitations of this Technique
Not Useful for Thin Films
Quality of the Closed Circuit
Assumes Homogeneous Materials
H Field Accuracy
Low-Coercivity Materials
10 Introduction to DC Hysteresigraphs for Soft Magnetic Materials
11 Why Do we Need a DC Hysteresigraph for Soft Magnetic Materials?
12 Theory and Test Circuit
13 Making a Measurement
Magnetizing Field Control
Initial Curve
14 Alternative Testing Circuits for Bulk Soft Magnetic Materials
15 Temperature Measurements
16 Limitations of this Technique
Specimen Shape
Need to Wind the Ring
Integrator Drift
17 Summary
References
Radio-Frequency Transverse Susceptibility as a Probe to Study Magnetic Systems
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Measurement Technique
4 Choice of Circuit Components
5 Magnetic Systems Investigated Using Transverse Susceptibility
Dipolar Interactions within Soft Ferrite Particles
Magnetic Anisotropy in Exchange-Biased Nanostructures
Magnetic Anisotropy in Ferromagnetic Epitaxial Thin Films
Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy-Driven Phase Transition in Strongly Correlated Electron Systems
6 The Future of Transverse Susceptibility
References
Alternating Gradient Magnetometry
1 Introduction
2 Sensitivity
3 AGM Limitations
4 Summary
References
Nanomechanical Torque Magnetometry
1 Introduction
2 Torque Sensing and Magnetometry Basics
3 Experimental Apparatus, Sensor Design, and Fabrication
Optical Detection Schemes
Apparatus
Torque Sensor Design
Torque Sensor Fabrication
4 Magnetic Properties and Parameters
Magnetic Hysteresis
Mechanical Torque Detection of Spin Resonance
Multi-Axis Torque Magnetometry
Einstein-de Haas Torques
5 Micromagnetic Simulation
6 Calibration and Sensitivity
7 Nanomechanical Torque Magnetometry in Comparison to Other Methods: Summary
References
Part III Imaging Techniques
Magneto-Optical Microscopy
1 Introduction
2 Magneto-Optical Effects
Electromagnetic Basics
Kerr and Faraday Effect
Faraday Effect
Kerr Effect
Voigt Effect
Gradient Effect
3 Physical Aspects of Magneto-Optical Microscopy
Domain Contrast
Depth Sensitivity
Resolution
4 Technical Aspects of Magneto-Optical Microscopy
Microscopy
High-Resolution Microscopy
Overview Microscopy
Camera Systems
Time-Resolved Kerr Microscopy
Temperature-Dependent Microscopy
Indicator Films
MOKE Magnetometry
5 Advanced Methodology
Separation of Effects
Quantitative Kerr Microscopy
Quantitative Imaging of Magnetisation Dynamics
Voigt and Gradient Effect Microscopy
Depth-Selective Imaging
6 Summary and Outlook
References
X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism and X-Ray Microscopy
1 Introduction
2 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Elemental and Chemical Contrast
Magnetic Contrast
Sum Rule Analysis
3 X-Ray Microscopy
Photoemission Electron Microscopy
Transmission X-Ray Microscopy
Scanning X-Ray Microscopy
Ptychography
4 Summary
References
Transmission, Scanning Transmission, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
1 Introduction
Overview
Electron-Solid Interaction
Elastic Scattering
Inelastic Scattering
Secondary and Auger Electron Emission
Diffraction and Imaging through Multiple Electron Lenses
2 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Instrumentation
Specimen
Structural Analysis
Electron Diffraction
TEM Imaging
Bright-Field/HAADF STEM Imaging
Compositional Mapping Using EDX/EELS
Magnetic (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy
Basics
Lorentz Microscopy
Differential Phase Contrast Lorentz Imaging
Electron Holography
3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
Instrumentation
Structural Analysis
Secondary Electron (SE) and Backscattered Electron (BSE) Imaging
Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD)
WDX Imaging (EPMA)
Magnetic Microscopy
Type-I and Type-II Contrast
Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polarization Analysis (SEMPA)
4 Summary
References
Part IV Field Sensing and Neutron Scattering in Magnetism
Magnetic Field Sensing Techniques
1 Magnetic Field Sensors: Overview
2 Hall Sensors
Hall Sensors: Principles
Hall Sensors: Benefits and Limitations
Hall Sensors: Applications and Specifications
Hall Sensors: Recent Developments
3 Fluxmeters
Fluxmeters: Principles
Fluxmeters: Benefits and Limitations
Fluxmeters: Applications and Specifications
Fluxmeters: Recent Developments
4 Fluxgate Magnetometers
Fluxgates: Principles
Fluxgates: Benefits and Limitations
Fluxgates: Applications and Specifications
Fluxgates: Recent Developments
5 Magnetoresistive Sensors
AMR Sensors: Principles
GMR Sensors: Principles
Magnetoresistive Sensors: Benefits and Limitations
Magnetoresistive Sensors: Applications and Specifications
Magnetoresistive Sensors: Recent Developments
6 NMR Magnetometers
NMR Magnetometers: Principles
NMR Magnetometers: Benefits and Limitations
NMR Magnetometers: Applications and Specifications
NMR Magnetometers: Recent Developments
7 Calibration
Calibration: Magnetic Field Units
Calibration: NMR as a Secondary Standard
Calibration: Low-Field Sensors
Calibration: Three-Axis Sensors
8 Magnetic Field Sensors: Conclusion
References
Introduction to Neutron Scattering as a Tool for Characterizing Magnetic Materials
1 Introduction
2 Neutron Sources
3 Physics of Neutron Scattering
4 Neutron Diffraction
5 Neutron Reflectivity
6 Small Angle Neutron Scattering
7 Polarization Analysis
8 Time Resolution
9 Summary
References
Neutron Scattering in Magnetism: Fundamentals and Examples
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Neutron Scattering
Properties of Neutrons
The Scattering Problem
Neutron Interactions at Low Energy
Nuclear Scattering
Elastic Nuclear Scattering
Inelastic Nuclear Scattering
Magnetic Scattering
Physical Meaning of the Operator
Matrix Elements of
Dipole Approximation
Magnetic Scattering Cross Section in the Dipole Approximation
3 Neutron Scattering by a Crystal
Nuclear Scattering
Scattering by Phonons
Magnetic Scattering
Magnetic Inelastic Scattering
Scattering by Spin-Waves
4 Polarization Analysis
5 Magnetic Crystallography
Describing Magnetic Structures
6 Neutron Powder Diffraction
Some Ideas About the Rietveld Method
Selected Examples
Magnetic Structure of MnO
Antiferromagnetic Structures with =0 in A2FeX5·H2O (A=K, Rb, X=Cl, Br)
The Problem of the Global Phase in Ca3Co2-xFexO6
Incommensurate Spiral Magnetic Structure in LiFeAs2O7
Long Period Helical Structures
7 Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction
Modulated Magnetic Structures in Multiferroics
Spin-Flop Transition and Magnetic Structures in the Hybrid Multiferroic (NH4)2FeCl5·H2O
Magnetic Ordering by Dipolar Interactions in Single-Molecule Magnet Mn12-Acetate
Trapping the Different Magnetic Phases in the Chiral Molecular Magnet [Cr(CN)6][Mn(S)-pnH(H2O)]·(H2O)
8 Polarized Neutron Diffraction
Spin Density Experiments in p-O2N-C6F4CNSSN and A2FeX5·H2O (A=K, Rb, X=Cl, Br)
Determination of Atomic Site Susceptibility Tensors
9 Spherical Neutron Polarimetry
Proving the Magneto-Electric Coupling in the Molecular Multiferroic (NH4)2FeCl5·H2O
Elucidating the Magnetic Order in GdB4
10 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering in Magnetism
Stroboscopic SANS Experiments on Skyrmionic Lattices (SKL)
11 Magnetic Inelastic Scattering
Understanding Magnetic Interactions in K2FeCl5·D2O
Neutron Spectroscopy in Magnetic Molecular Clusters
12 Other Neutron Scattering Techniques
Quasielastic Neutron Scattering
Neutron Spin Echo Techniques
Neutron Reflectivity
13 Conclusions
References
Part V High Frequency Magnetization Dynamics
Radio-Frequency (RF) Permeameter
1 Introduction
2 Overview of RF Permeameters
RF Permeameters Based on Transmission and Reflection of Propagating Electromagnetic Waves
RF Permeameters Based on Inductive Response
3 Transformer Coupled Permeameter
System Overview of TC-Perm
Calibration Algorithm of TC-Perm
Sensitivity Demonstration of TC-Perm
4 Summary
References
Ferromagnetic Resonance
1 Introduction
2 Ferromagnetic Resonance Condition
Kittel Equation
Smit-Beljers Equation
Ferromagnetic Resonance Lineshape
3 Experimental Methods
Resonant Microwave Cavity-Based FMR
Shorted Waveguide FMR
Other Transmission Line-Based FMR
Vector Network Analyzer FMR
Electrically Detected FMR
4 Examples
Saturation Magnetization and Perpendicular Anisotropy
In-plane Anisotropies
Conductivity-Like Damping in Epitaxial Iron Films
5 Summary
References
Part VI Applications to Current Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Characterization of Geologic Materials with First-Order Reversal Curves
1 Introduction
2 The Preisach Model of Hysteresis
The Classical Preisach Model
Modifications of the Classical Preisach Model
Preisach Models of Selected Measurement Protocols
Low-Field Susceptibility
IRM Acquisition Curves
DC Demagnetization Curves
AF Demagnetization of IRM
ARM Acquisition and Demagnetization
Coercivity Distributions
3 The FORC Protocol
Definitions
Selected Properties of the FORC Function
FORC Measurements
The FORC Protocol
Choosing the FORC Protocol Parameters
Field Control, Measurement Sensitivity, and Resolution
Drift and Stacking
FORC Processing
Preprocessing
Theoretical Principles of FORC Function Estimation
Improved Regression Methods
Overfitting, Underfitting, and Error Estimates
Variable Smoothing Protocols
The Central Ridge
The Vertical Ridge
Processing FORC Data Associated with Thin Hysteresis Loops
Smoothing Factor Limitations Along the Measurement Coordinates
Processing FORC Data Associated with Highly Squared Hysteresis Loops
Demagnetizing Fields and FORC Deshearing
FORC Data Rendering
4 FORC Diagrams of Natural Particle Assemblages
Single-Domain Particles
Uniaxial SD Particles: Stoner-Wohlfarth Model
Thermally Activated SD Particles
Viscous SD Particles and the Vertical Ridge
Weak Magnetostatic Interactions Between SD Particles
Mean-Field Interactions
SD Particles with Multiaxial Anisotropy
Selected Natural Examples
The Pseudo-Single-Domain Magnetic Behavior
Two-State Magnetic Systems
Rock and Paleomagnetic Significance of Two-State Systems
Multistate Systems: The PSD FORC Signature
Multidomain Particles
5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Characterization of Magnetic Nanostructures with the First-Order Reversal Curves (FORC) Diagram Technique
1 Introduction
2 Classical Preisach Model
3 Magnetic Ensembles of Real Magnetic Hysterons
4 Results of Simulations
5 Summary
References
FORC Diagrams in Magnetic Thin Films
1 The FORC Measurement Sequence
2 FORC Measurements of Isolated Granular Films
3 FORC Measurements of Interacting Granular Films
4 FORC Measurements of Continuous Films with In-Plane Anisotropy
5 FORC Measurements of Continuous Films with Out-of-Plane Anisotropy
6 FORC Measurements of Heterostructured Films
Exchange Springs
7 Dynamic FORC Measurements
8 FORC Measurements Beyond Magnetometry
Magnetoresistance
Metal-Insulator Transitions
9 Final Thoughts
References
First-Order Reversal Curve (FORC) Measurements for Decoding Mixtures of Magnetic Nanowires
1 Introduction
2 Quantitative Decoding
3 Measurement Speed
4 Data Processing
5 Summary and Future Outlooks
References
Soft Magnetic Materials
1 Introduction
2 Soft Magnetic Materials Classes
3 Measurement Techniques for Materials Characterization in Emerging SMMs
4 Conclusion
References
Permanent Magnet Materials
1 Introduction
2 General Notes for Magnetization Curve Measurements of Permanent Magnets
3 Coercivity Analysis of Permanent Magnets
Static Analysis
Thermal Activation Analysis
4 Magnetization Reversal Process of Permanent Magnets
Magnetic Imaging
FORC Analysis
5 Summary
References
Magnetocaloric Characterization of Materials
1 Introduction
2 Types of Magnetocaloric Materials
3 Relevant Magnitudes for the Characterization of Magnetocaloric Materials
Isothermal Entropy Change
Adiabatic Temperature Change
Refrigerant Capacity and Its Variants
4 Indirect Characterization Methods
Magnetometry
Demagnetizing Field
Calorimetry
5 Direct Characterization Methods
6 Magnetocaloric Effect to Study Phase Transitions
Critical Scaling in Second-Order Phase Transition Materials
Quantitative Determination of the Order of the Phase Transition
Study of Thermomagnetic Hysteresis in Magnetocaloric Materials by Using TFORC
7 Conclusions
References
Magnetostrictive Materials
1 Introduction
Basic Concepts and Definitions
Magnetostriction
Magnetoelastic Effects
∆E Effect
Magnetoelastic Waves and Resonance
Magnetostrictive Materials
2 Magnetostriction Measurement Techniques
Direct Measurements
Strain Gauges
Capacitive Bridges
Tunneling and Atomic Force Tip Measurements
Optical and Interferometric Methods
Indirect Measurements
Dependence of Permeability on Stress
Small Angle Magnetization Rotation
Ferromagnetic Resonance Methods
Thin Film Methods
3 Applications
Magnetostrictive Actuators
Magnetoelastic Sensors
Energy Harvesting
4 Summary
References
Magnetic Properties of Granular L10 FePt Films for Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) Applications
1 Grain Interactions
2 Thermal Stability
3 HK and TC Distributions
4 Summary
References
Biological and Medical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Requirements of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bio-Applications
3 Synthesis Methods
4 Characterization Methods
Sample Preparation
Morphology, Size, and Structural Characterization
Surface Properties
Concentration
Magnetic Characterization
Preclinical Characterization
5 Magnetic Bio-Separation
6 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biosensing
Spintronic Sensors
SQUID and Atomic Magnetometers Applied to Biosensing
Faraday Induction Coil Biosensors
Magnetic Lateral Flow Immunoassays
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nonmagnetic Detection
7 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bio-Imaging
8 Magnetic Hyperthermia, Magneto-mechanical Disruption, Drug Delivery, and Tissue Regeneration
9 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Index

Descripción del editor: "This book discusses the most commonly used techniques for characterizing magnetic material properties and their applications. It provides a comprehensive and easily digestible collection and review of magnetic measurement techniques. It also examines the underlying operating principles and techniques of magnetic measurements, and presents current examples where such measurements and properties are relevant. Given the pervasive nature of magnetic materials in everyday life, this book is a vital resource for both professionals and students wishing to deepen their understanding of the subject." (Springer)

2021-10-15