My deepest appreciation also goes to Mary Alice Stander for the numerous hours of work she put in editing the many copies and versions of this text. Her constant support and encouragement were at least as important in the completion of this work as her technical help.
Most of all I want to thank the one responsible for my becoming a professor. No words can express the great debt of gratitude I owe to Stephen Lee Glaser, "the best friend of my childhood years." Without him and his special concern, patience, and encouragement I would never have gone to college or graduate school. He was not only my friend, but also my mentor. It is to him that I dedicate this book.
Ix
## Preface
x often they were described as Moslems (again, neither statement is correct). It was also discovered that the usage of different ethnonyms, even by Russian scholars, has been inconsistent. The term Lezgin, for example, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was used by different writers and at different times to mean all Moslem North Caucasian Mountaineers, all Dagestanis and Chechens, all Mountaineer Dagestanis, all southern Dagestanis, or simply the people today referred to as Lezgins.
Having found that no single source existed in which a Western scholar could find all of these names and groups, I undertook to expand the file at the urging of my good friend and colleague Paul Goble. This book is the result. In it, I have included all of the reference data I came across in seven years of research on the ethnographic groups of the Russian Empire and the USSR during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Clearly this work is not exhaustive or complete and I do not claim that it includes every ethnonym that belongs here. I would like to apologize for any and all errors made . Since the sources on many of these peoples are so varied, and often give contradictory information, and since so many groups exist, the making of errors is inevitable . It would be greatly appreciated if readers knowledgeable in this field would inform me of any groups omitted and convey any additional information on the peoples listed but not adequately covered.
RONALD WIXMAN Abazinian from the Russian Abazintsy). Therefore, when doing research on such groups one should drop the A and add IN or INTSY in order to find the Russian form . In general, I avoided the cumbersome IAN or INIAN ending forms in main entries, and instead chose to use the root form with no endings from any language (for example, Kabard is used as the main entry rather than Kabartai or Kabardai based on the Circassian form, or Kabardin or Kabardin-Often the English form will have been derived from the Russian transliteration, which means a double transliteration and great distortion. In such cases I chose to use the original Latin spellings. This is found, in particular, when dealing with the various Finnish, Karelian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Latgalian groups.
Many ethnonyms are of Turkic origin. To form the main entry for many of these groups the Turkic grammatical endings CHI, L1, or CHILI (or variants thereon or the plural ending LAR/LER were dropped. These endings are, however, indicated in parentheses and in the self designations when appropriate. Most often the umlauted 0 or 0, so common in Uralo-Altaic languages, is converted to YU or E, respectively, in Russian. When it was known that the original form had these umlauted sounds, the umlauted form was used to form the main entry.
Some sounds are particularly problematic as they do not exist in English (and frequently not in Russian either). The voiced velar fricative sound (the equivalent of the French or German R, or the modern Greek gamma) does not exist in either Russian or English. In addition there is no standard way of writing this letter in either of the languages. Some have used the consonant cluster GH for it (for example, Noghai or Kirghiz). This is somewhat problematic inasmuch as this consonant cluster does exist in English (for example, plough, light, enough, or spaghetti) but never for a voiced velar fricative sound. It is sometimes employed to "harden" the G before an E or an I (as in spaghetti) so that it is not pronounced like the G in "mirage" or "digest." This is frequently done in loan words. Russian is not consistent in the way it renders this sound in borrowed words. It appears in medial positions generally as a G, as in Nogai or Kirgiz, and in final positions as a KH, as in Bzhedukh or Abadzhekh. Often Russian uses either the G or the KH, as for example in Budug or Budukh (both forms are common). I decided to use the G spelling as the main entry for the This was preferred for two reasons : (I) the I is less confusing for pronounciation in English, and (2) the I can stand for either I kratkoe, or short i, which is the singular form, or I, the plural ending in Russian, thus eliminating the problem of choosing between the singular and plural forms. In general the main entry is based on the singular rather than the plural form of an ethnonym.
Throughout this book the term "former" (abbreviated for.)
## ANote on Sources
Although hundreds of sources were used in the preparation of this book , by and large these had only a few sentences on a given people, or merely mentioned the ethnonym. In addition, the vast majority of sources give little information that could not be found in a few important basic sources. By far the single most important reference on the various peoples of the USSR (although far from exhaustive and somewhat outdated) are the volumes in the Narody Mira series put out by the Institut Etnografii imeni Miklukho-Maklaya (Akademiya Nauk SSSR). These include: Narody Evropetskoi Chasti SSSR , vols. I and II ; Narody Sibiri (available in English :
The Peoples of Siberia , translation by Stephen P. Dunn, published by University of Chicago Press, 1964); Narody Srednei Azii i Kazakhstana , vols. I and II; and Narody Kavkaza , vols. I and II. These are not only excellent sources, but are also readily available in the libraries of many American universities. Another important source, and a simpler one to use for obtaining basic information, is S. A. Tokarev, Etnografiya Narodov SSSR (Moscow : Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1958). The journal So vetskaya Etnografiya is an excellent source for detailed information on various peoples and topics. Many articles from this journal appear in translation in the quarterly Soviet Anthropology and Archeology.
A number of valuable and important sources are also available in English.

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nexusstc/The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook/e0a48dc8b678636ebb16c3d5978f398e.pdf

zlib/no-category/Ronald Wixman (auth.)/The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook_2670030.pdf

Macmillan Publishers Limited

Red Globe Press

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

Place of publication not identified, 1984

lg1460564

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Front Matter....Pages i-xviii
A....Pages 1-18
B....Pages 19-35
C....Pages 35-55
D....Pages 56-61
E....Pages 61-66
F....Pages 67-70
G....Pages 70-77
H....Pages 78-80
I....Pages 80-86
J....Pages 86-88
K....Pages 88-121
L....Pages 121-128
M....Pages 129-140
N....Pages 140-148
O....Pages 148-153
P....Pages 153-162
Q....Pages 162-166
R....Pages 166-171
S....Pages 171-182
T....Pages 182-202
U....Pages 202-213
V....Pages 214-217
W....Pages 217-218
Y....Pages 219-224
Z....Pages 225-227
Back Matter....Pages 229-246

2016-03-14