Material appearance has emerged as a scientific topic in its own right rather recently and an increasing number of professionals concerned by this topic, belonging to various application areas, are entering this vast field. Thanks to the rise of imaging systems and visual rendering software, and the rapid development of accessible devices for color and gloss analysis, non-expert people can now check, for example, the compliance of a product with an appearance standard, or create a realistic virtual prototype. Most of these tools are based on optical concepts which are generally not in the forefront at an elementary level usage, but which are necessary for a consistent analysis of the specific cases studied. The objective of this book is precisely to introduce the fundamental notions of optics allowing the readers to understand the radiometric quantities measured with common devices, to learn how to analyze them, and to review some classical optics-based predictive models for various types of materials and structures. We have chosen to illustrate the theoretical notions with numerous examples and corrected exercises, easily transposable to a variety of materials: glass plates, polymer films, pigment layers, metals, papers and printed surfaces, coatings, etc. The book targets an audience of students, engineers and researchers who have a scientific background but not necessarily versed in optics, who are seeking sound bases in order to characterize the appearance of products and better comprehend the more advanced research currently being conducted in this area.

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zlib/no-category/Mathieu Hébert/Optical models for material appearance_25906047.pdf

L'univers millefeuille Le cosmos, la biosphère et la société s'auto-organisent

EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, 2022

France, France

1, 2022-08-11

degruyter.com

producers:
iTextSharp 5.0.6 (c) 1T3XT BVBA

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<p>Humanity has so far failed to respect some essential compatibility limits to ensure sustainable development. Is it possible to change the course? This book revolves around this question, focusing on climate change.<br></p><p>Averting Climate Catastrophe Together addresses the necessity of meeting the Paris Agreement temperature target and explores what framework could enable climate action in an effective, efficient and equitable manner that is consistent with that goal. It also looks at the contribution of technological change within the economic system, including the feasibility of a global energy transition.<br></p><p>Whether humanity can avoid catastrophic climate change appears to depend not on the availability of technological solutions, but rather on international cooperation and coordination. Given the various sustainability issues, this book also discusses whether it is possible to derive a general approach to them. It argues that dealing with compatibility limits in complex systems requires a holistic change in the system structure. Therefore, systems science is discussed together with economics, technological change, and sustainable development.<br></p><p>This book targets scientists and experts from different disciplines due to the interdisciplinary topic, but especially from environmental economics and energy technology; policy makers, as policy recommendations are provided to address climate change; as well as the general public due to the pressing common challenge of addressing climate change and comprehensive efforts for sustainable development.<br></p><ul> <li> <p><br> <br></p> </li> <li>Provides evidence based on climate science research on the necessity of meeting the Paris Agreement temperature target </li> <li>Highlights the feasibility of the global energy transition as one major option to mitigate climate change, also going into detail about the process of technological change </li> <li>Brings together systems science with economics, technological change, and sustainable development </li> <li>Derives a framework to meet the Paris Agreement temperature target, enabling coordinated climate action in an effective and efficient manner while pursuing distributive justice </li></ul>

The Author
Preface
Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1 Light and Optical Radiations
Chapter 2 Spectral Radiometry of Surfaces
Chapter 3 Visual Characterization of Surfaces
Chapter 4 Plane Optical Interfaces and Transparent Layers
Chapter 5 Transparent Multilayers: Two-Flux Models for Directional Light
Chapter 6 Diffusing Layers and Multilayers: Two-Flux Models for Diffuse Light
Chapter 7 Nonscattering Layers on a Diffusing Background
Chapter 8 Angle-Dependent Light Scattering
Exercises
Corrections
Acknowledgements
References
Index

2023-08-21