This book highlights recent advances in our understanding of sarcopenia and frailty in CKD. The prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty increases substantially as CKD progresses, and experimental studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of accumulated uremic toxin in the development of muscle wasting. Further, sarcopenia and frailty are associated with falls, bone fractures, cognitive impairment, and poor survival prognoses, especially in elderly CKD patients. The syndromes are also related to the risk of end-stage kidney disease.
This book provides readers with a deeper understanding of the prevention and management of sarcopenia and frailty in CKD patients to improve their renal and overall health, and suggests directions for future basic and clinical research.

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Akihiko Kato; Eiichiro Kanda; Yoshihiko Kanno; SpringerLink (Online service)

Kato, Akihiko; Kanda, Eiichiro; Kanno, Yoshihiko

Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd Fka Springer Science + Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd

Springer Nature, Singapore, 2020

Singapore, Singapore

sm81174239

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1

Preface
Contents
1: Epidemiology of Sarcopenia and Frailty in CKD
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Current trends in CKD epidemiology
1.2.1 Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
1.2.2 Non-dialysis CKD
1.2.3 Clinical Outcomes of CKD
1.3 Epidemiology of Sarcopenia in CKD
1.3.1 Definition of Sarcopenia
1.3.2 Sarcopenia in Non-dialysis CKD
1.3.3 Sarcopenia in Dialysis Patients
1.4 Epidemiology of Frailty in CKD
1.4.1 Definition of Frailty
1.4.2 Modified Definition of Frailty in Japan
1.4.3 Frailty in Non-dialysis CKD
1.4.4 Frailty in Dialysis Patients
1.5 Association of Protein-Energy Wasting with Sarcopenia, and Frailty Phenotype
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Wasting in CKD
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Atrophy in CKD
2.2.1 Protein Degradation in Muscle
2.2.1.1 Atrogenes: Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and Autophagy-Related Genes
2.2.1.2 Myostatin and TGF-β
2.2.2 Protein Synthesis in Muscle
2.2.2.1 Akt-mTOR Signaling and Foxo Activation
2.2.3 Mitochondria
2.3 Initiating Factors Responsible for the Onset and Progression of Muscle Atrophy in CKD
2.3.1 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
2.3.2 Glucocorticoids
2.3.3 Angiotensin II
2.4 Molecular Mechanism of Uremic Toxin-Induced Muscle Wasting
2.4.1 Uremic Toxin
2.4.2 The Distribution of Indoxyl Sulfate in Muscle Tissue
2.4.3 Redox Properties of Indoxyl Sulfate in Skeletal Muscle
2.4.4 Effect of p-Cresyl Sulfate on Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle
2.5 Muscle–Kidney Crosstalk: Skeletal Muscle Affects the Renal Pathology
2.6 Kidney–Fat–Muscle Crosstalk: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Contributes to Muscle Atrophy Via PTH Receptor Expressed in Fat Tissue
2.7 Potential Therapeutic Interventions for CKD-Associated Sarcopenia in the Animal Model
2.7.1 Blocking Myostatin-ActRIIB Signaling
2.7.2 L-Carnitine
2.7.3 DPP-4 Inhibitor
2.7.4 AST-120
2.7.5 Ghrelin
2.7.6 Blockade of Leptin Activity
2.7.7 Others
2.8 Conclusions
References
3: Protein Energy Wasting in Chronic Kidney Disease
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of Nutritional Status of CKD Patients
3.3 Evaluation of Nutritional Status Based on PEW Diagnostic Criteria
3.3.1 Multiple Assessment of Nutritional Status
3.4 Importance of Unique Index for Each Country
3.5 Relationship Between PEW, Sarcopenia, and Frailty
3.6 Causes of PEW
3.7 Dietary Therapy for CKD Patients
3.8 Strategy Against PEW
3.9 Dietary Counseling
3.10 Important Points of Dietary Therapy
3.11 Exercise Therapy
3.12 Summary
References
4: Benefit and Risk of Exercise Training in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CKD and Physical Inactivity
4.3 Effects of Exercise Training in CKD Patients
4.4 Indications and Contraindications of Exercise Stress Test and Exercise Training in CKD Patients
4.4.1 Medical Checkups
4.4.2 Exercise Stress Test
4.4.3 Exercise Training
4.5 Barriers to Exercise Participation Among CKD Patients
4.6 Renal Rehabilitation
4.7 Adding Life to Years and Years to Life
4.8 Conclusion
References
5: Frailty in Patients with Pre-dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Toward Successful Aging of the Elderly Patients Transitioning to Dialysis in Japan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Current Status of Dialysis in Japan
5.3 Frailty in CKD and Incident Dialysis Patients
5.4 Physical Functional Decline in CKD and Incident Dialysis Patients
5.5 Cognitive Functional Decline in CKD and Dialysis
5.6 Effectiveness and Feasibility of Exercise Training in Elderly Patients with Pre-dialysis CKD
5.7 Does Guideline-Based “Usual Care” Help Elderly CKD Patients to Lead Successful Aging?
5.8 Toward Successful Aging of the Elderly Patients Transitioning to Dialysis
5.9 Conclusion
References
6: Exercise Interventions in Dialysis Patients
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Prevalence of Physical Frailty in Hemodialysis Patients
6.3 Positioning Exercise Therapy for Hemodialysis Patients: Exercise Therapy for Disease Management
6.4 Physical Functions and Physical Activity Levels of Hemodialysis Patients
6.4.1 Status of Physical Functions and Physical Activity Levels
6.4.2 Prognoses with Relation to Physical Functions and Physical Activity Levels
6.5 Activities of Daily Living of Hemodialysis Patients
6.5.1 ADL Dependency Evaluations
6.5.2 ADL Difficulty Evaluations
6.6 The Practice of Exercise Therapy as Disease Management
6.6.1 Protocol of Exercise Therapy (Flow Chart)
6.6.2 The Therapeutic Exercise Program in Practice
6.6.3 Long-Term Effect of Introducing a Disease Management System
6.7 Future Topics
6.8 Conclusion
References
7: Exercise Intervention for Kidney Transplant Recipients: Recent Progress and Remaining Issues
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis About Exercise Intervention for Transplant Recipients
7.3 Expectations of Exercise Therapy for Transplant Recipients
7.3.1 Exercise Tolerance
7.3.2 Quality of Life
7.3.3 Metabolic Syndrome and Muscle Strength
7.3.4 Graft Function
7.4 Remaining Issues and Future of Exercise Therapy for Transplant Recipients
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Role of Nutrition and Rehabilitation in the Prevention and Management of Sarcopenia and Frailty
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sarcopenia
8.2.1 The Clinical Practice Guideline of Sarcopenia
8.2.2 Iatrogenic Sarcopenia
8.2.3 Sarcopenic Dysphagia
8.3 Frailty
8.3.1 The Clinical Practice Guideline of Frailty
8.3.2 Iatrogenic Frailty
8.3.3 Presbyphagia
8.4 Rehabilitation Nutrition
8.4.1 Definition of Rehabilitation Nutrition
8.4.2 The Clinical Practice Guidelines of Rehabilitation Nutrition
8.4.3 Rehabilitation Nutrition Care Process
8.4.3.1 Rehabilitation Nutrition Assessment and Diagnostic Reasoning
8.4.3.2 Rehabilitation Nutrition Diagnosis
8.4.3.3 Rehabilitation Nutrition Goal Setting
8.4.3.4 Rehabilitation Nutrition Intervention
8.4.3.5 Rehabilitation Nutrition Monitoring
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Nutritional Interventions in Elderly Pre-dialysis Patients
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Recommended Protein Intake for Patients with CKD
9.3 Recommended Protein Intake for Elderly People with Sarcopenia and/or Frailty
9.4 Actual Protein Intake in Elderly People with CKD
9.5 Protein Sources
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Nutritional Interventions in Dialysis Patients
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concept of Frailty, Sarcopenia, Protein Energy Wasting
10.3 Standard Nutrition Intake in Dialysis Patients and Perspective of Dietary Counselling
10.4 Single Interventions to Nutrition in Dialysis Patients
10.5 Dual Intervention to Frailty (Nutrition Factor and Physical Factor)
10.6 Dual Intervention to Frailty (Mental Factor and Physical Factor)
10.7 Perspective of Intervention of Nutrition on Dialysis Patients
10.8 Conclusion
References
11: Pharmacological Intervention for Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pharmacological Approach
11.2.1 Myostatin Inhibition
11.2.2 Anabolic Steroids
11.2.3 Ghrelin
11.2.4 Ursolic Acid
11.2.5 The Other Candidates
11.3 Conclusion
References
12: Oral Health Management for the Prevention of Sarcopenia and Frailty
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Oral Health Status and CKD
12.2.1 Oral Health Condition in CKD Patients
12.2.1.1 Pre-dialysis Patients
12.2.1.2 Patients on Dialysis
12.2.1.3 Diabetic Patients on Dialysis
12.2.2 Association Between Oral Health and CKD
12.2.2.1 Possible Effects of Chronic Inflammation in Periodontal Lesions on the Progression of CKD
12.2.2.2 Oral Health and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
12.2.2.3 Possible Effects of the Progression of CKD on the Progression of Periodontitis
12.2.3 Need for Special Care in Oral Health Management of Patients with CKD at Each Stage
12.3 Oral Health Status and Sarcopenia/Frailty
12.3.1 Association Between Oral Health Status and Diet/Nutrition Intake
12.3.2 Association Between Oral Health Status and Physical Activity
12.3.3 Association Between Oral Health Status and Sarcopenia/Frailty
12.4 Oral Frailty
12.4.1 Oral Frailty as a Presage of General Frailty
12.4.2 Oral Frailty as a Possible Predictor of General Frailty
12.4.3 A Comprehensive View of the Prevention of Oral Frailty
12.5 What Patients with CKD Need to Prevent Sarcopenia/Frailty
12.5.1 Periodic Checkup by a Primary Care Dentist
12.5.2 Review of the Oral Environment and Dietary Habits
12.5.3 Efforts to Maintain Oral Hygiene and Oral Function
12.5.4 Use of Public Health Services
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Frailty and Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cognitive Impairment in CKD Patients
13.2.1 Brain Atrophy in Patients Receiving HD
13.2.2 Brain Atrophy in Patients Receiving PD
13.2.3 Association Between Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Function in CKD Patients
13.2.4 Factors Associated with Cognitive Impairment
13.2.4.1 Anemia
13.2.4.2 Albuminuria and Decreased Kidney Function
13.2.4.3 Oxidative Stress
13.2.4.4 Renin-Angiotensin System
13.2.4.5 Uremic Toxins
13.2.5 Dialysis Modalities and Cognitive Impairment
13.3 Association Between Frailty and Cognitive Impairment
13.3.1 Non-CKD Patients
13.3.2 CKD Patients
13.3.2.1 NDD-CKD Patients
13.3.2.2 HD Patients
13.3.2.3 PD Patients
13.3.2.4 Kidney Transplant Patients
13.3.3 Mechanism of the Association of Frailty with Cognitive Impairment
13.4 Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Function
13.4.1 Non-CKD Patients
13.4.2 CKD Patients
13.5 Conclusion
References
14: Polypharmacy and Frailty in Chronic Kidney Disease
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polypharmacy
14.2.1 Cause of Polypharmacy: Elderly and CKD
14.2.2 Cause of Polypharmacy: Multimorbidity
14.2.3 Cause of Polypharmacy: ADRs, ADEs, Prescribing Cascade, and PIMs
14.3 Frailty in CKD
14.4 Intertwining Relationships Among Frailty, Polypharmacy, and CKD
14.4.1 Polypharmacy Associated with Frailty and CKD
14.4.2 Drugs That Require Attention When Used to Treat Elderly CKD Patients
14.4.3 Drugs Related with Frailty
14.5 The Approach to Polypharmacy in CKD
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Anemia Management and QOL and Frailty in CKD
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Pathophysiology of Involvement HRQOL in CKD and Anemia
15.3 Hemoglobin Target and HRQOL
15.4 Conclusion
References

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Erscheinungsdatum: 01.03.2020

2020-03-01