This innovative edited collection brings together leading international academics to explore the use of various non-prescription and prescription substances. From a psychosocial perspective, the authors discuss the complex reasons behind their adoption, the ways in which they are misused, and links between use and cognitive enhancement. While studies on substance use to date have examined the aetiology and effects in the context of sporting performance, addiction and recreational use, there has been little work which explores their wider misuse to improve cognitive enhancement. With medical sociology and social psychology at its core, this important volume shows the complex reasons behind the misuse of various substances, how these are connected to contemporary desire for increased mental performance, and why the potential health risks and possibly harmful side effects do not act as deterrents. Dr Matthew Hall is the Programme Leader for Psychology, and Chair of the Research and Ethics Committee at Arden University; Associate Academic, University of Derby; and Editor for the Journal of Gender Studies. He actively publishes, and his research interests include: health; new, mediated and cyberspace identities; image-based sexual violence; online violations; cognitive enhancement; body modification; disability; gender and sexuality; body image and image consciousness. Dr Mark Forshaw is a Health Psychologist and Subject Leader at Liverpool John Moores University. He is a Past President of the Institute of Health Promotion & Education, and a previous trustee of the British Psychological Society amongst other organisations. He is the author of numerous books on health psychology, research, and critical thinking. Dr Catharine Montgomery is a Reader in Psychopharmacology at Liverpool John Moores University. She is co-leader of the Research Centre for Brain and Behaviour at LJMU, and is on the steering group for the Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research. She has expertise in the effects of substance use on psychological functioning, and has published numerous journal articles and book chapters in this area.-- Provided by publisher

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zlib/Medicine/Matthew Hall, Mark Forshaw, Catharine Montgomery/Chemically Modified Minds: Substance Use for Cognitive Enhancement_6111586.pdf

Hall, Matthew; Forshaw, Mark; Montgomery, Catharine

Catharine Montgomery; Matthew Hall; Mark Forshaw

Matthew Hall, (1968-....)

Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd Fka Springer Science + Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd

Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature Singapore

1st ed. 2021, PS, 2020

Singapore, Singapore

Dec 05, 2020

1, 20201030

lg2821118

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1

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Source title: Chemically Modified Minds: Substance Use for Cognitive Enhancement

Acknowledgements 5
Contents 6
Notes on Contributors 8
1: Introduction 11
What Are Cognitive Enhancement Drugs? 11
Soft Enhancement 12
Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement 13
Prevalence Estimates 15
Conclusions 17
References 17
2: Psychosocial Motivators of “Smart Drug” Use Amongst University Students 23
The Prevalence of “Smart Drug” Use Amongst University Students 23
Why Do University Students Use “Smart Drugs”? A Review of Psychosocial Motivators for Students’ Smart Drug Use 27
Improving Academic Performance 27
Non-academic Social Reasons for Use 29
Common Demographic Risk Factors for Use 29
Academic Pressure and Competitiveness 30
Social Norms and Social Acceptability of “Smart Drug” Use 31
Expectancy Effects 33
Motivations for Not Using “Smart Drugs” 34
Summary of Motivators of “Smart Drug” Use 35
How Can “Smart Drug” Use Be Discouraged Amongst University Student Populations? 35
Conclusions and Future Directions 38
References 39
3: Nutraceuticals as Cognitive Enhancers 45
Introduction 45
Ginseng 47
Active Constituents 48
CNS Mechanisms of Action 48
Nitric Oxide (NO) Synthesis 48
Neuroprotection 49
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Regulation 49
Modulation of Neurotransmission 50
Human Cognitive Effects Following Acute Administration 50
Salvia 51
Active Constituents 52
CNS Mechanisms of Action 52
Amyloid-β Peptide (Aβ) 52
Cholinergic Activity 53
Neurotrophins 53
Human Cognitive Effects Following Acute Administration 54
Cocoa Flavanols 55
Active Constituents 56
CNS Mechanisms of Action 56
Neuroprotection 56
Blood Flow 56
Cognitive Effects Following Acute Administration in Healthy Humans 57
Conclusion 58
References 59
4: Nutritional Interventions to Improve Cognitive Function 69
How Many People Use Dietary Supplements for Cognition, and Why? 71
Dietary Cognitive Enhancers with Immediate Effects 75
Longer-Term Effects in Healthy Adults 77
Diet and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults 78
Whole Foods as Cognitive Enhancers 80
Conclusion 82
References 83
5: Being Limitless: A Discursive Analysis of Online Accounts of Modafinil Use 90
Introduction 90
Method 93
Data 93
Ethics 94
Data Analysis 94
Results 95
Discussion 103
References 105
6: The Role of Glycaemic Control in Cognitive Functioning 109
Introduction: What Is Glycaemic Control and Why Is Glucose Critical to Cognitive Functioning? 109
Glycaemic Control 110
Glucose Metabolism in the Brain 111
Impaired Glycaemic Control and Cognition 113
Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes 114
Glucose and Impaired Cognition Within Patient Populations 116
Dementia 116
Schizophrenia 117
Glucose Enhancement of Cognition 118
Acute Administration and Cognition 119
Declarative Memory 120
Demand Dependent 121
Other Cognitive Domains 123
Self-Control and Inhibition 124
Glucoregulation 126
Other Factors 127
Mechanisms of Effect 127
Global Energy Provision 128
The Hippocampus Hypothesis 129
Insulin 130
Hippocampal Acetylcholine (ACh) Synthesis 130
Can We Use Exploit Glucose/Glycaemic Control to Enhance Cognition? 131
References 133
7: A Familiar Landscape in the Brave New World: Ethics of Cognitive Enhancement Introduction 143
Re-defining Cognitive Enhancement 144
Cognitive Enhancers Should Enhance Cognitive Ability 144
Psychostimulants Are a Snake-Oil 145
Psychostimulants May Act as Motivation Enhancers 145
Dangers 146
Treatment Versus Enhancement 147
Proper Goals of Medicine 147
Intelligence Enhancement as Therapy 148
I. The Ideal Enhancer 149
II. The Therapeutic Claim 150
III. Cognitive Insufficiency as the Ideal Disease 152
IV. Treatment and Enhancement Are Not Mutually Exclusive 153
Fairness 154
Nature of Activity 155
Magnitude of Advantage 156
Normative Attitudes Towards Enhancement 157
I. Legacy Admissions 158
II. Money for Merit 158
Inequality 159
Intelligence Enhancement as the Remedy 160
Intelligence Enhancement Meets Trickle-Down Theory 161
Authenticity 161
Causal Attributions of Responsibility 162
Deservingness Is a Value Judgement 163
Other Considerations 164
I. Magnitude of Benefit Is Exaggerated 164
II. Cognitive Enhancers May Be Effort Attenuators 164
III. Universal Use Will Make Inauthentic Achievements Authentic Again 165
Autonomy 165
Coercion in the Classroom 166
Coercion in the Workplace 166
When Coercion Is Acceptable 167
References 168
8: Afterword 182
Overview 182
Potential Harms 183
Ethical Considerations 184
Future Directions 184
Summary 185
References 185
Index 187

2020-10-31