There are some types of complex systems that are built like clockwork, with well-defined parts that interact in well-defined ways, so that the action of the whole can be precisely analyzed and anticipated with accuracy and precision. Some systems are not themselves so well-defined, but they can be modeled in ways that are like trained pilots in well-built planes, or electrolyte balance in healthy humans. But there are many systems for which that is not true; and among them are many whose understanding and control we would value. For example, the model for the trained pilot above fails exactly where the pilot is being most human; that is, where he is exercising the highest levels of judgment, or where he is learning and adapting to new conditions. Again, sometimes the kinds of complexity do not lead to easily analyzable models at all; here we might include most economic systems, in all forms of societies. There are several factors that seem to contribute to systems being hard to model, understand, or control. The human participants may act in ways that are so variable or so rich or so interactive that the only adequate model of the system would be the entire system itself, so to speak. This is probably the case in true long term systems involving people learning and growing up in a changing society.
Erscheinungsdatum: 26.11.2012

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zlib/Computers/Hardware/Michael A. Arbib, Oliver G. Selfridge, Edwina L. Rissland (auth.), Oliver G. Selfridge, Edwina L. Rissland, Michael A. Arbib (eds.)/Adaptive Control of Ill-Defined Systems_2116498.pdf

edited by Oliver G. Selfridge, Edwina L. Rissland, Michael A. Arbib

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984, 2012

II Systems Science, 1st ed. 1984, New York, NY, 1984

United States, United States of America

Springer Nature, New York, NY, 2013

sm33522949

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Front Matter....Pages i-x
A Dialogue on Ill-Defined Control....Pages 1-9
Humans and Their Relation to Ill-Defined Systems....Pages 11-20
Some Themes and Primitives in Ill-Defined Systems....Pages 21-26
The Use of Optimal Control in Economics....Pages 27-38
Biological Views of Adaptation — Some Historical Accounts....Pages 39-50
Adaptive Behavior in Manual Control and the Optimal Control Model....Pages 51-73
Regulation, Feedback and Internal Models....Pages 75-88
The Dynamics of Adaptation in Living Systems....Pages 89-113
Adaptive Control: From Feedback to Debugging....Pages 115-125
The Role of the Critic in Learning Systems....Pages 127-147
Examples and Learning Systems....Pages 149-163
Conceptual Models of Ill-Defined Systems....Pages 165-176
Creativity in Skilled Performance....Pages 177-185
The Concepts of ‘Adaptation’ and ‘Attunement’ in Skill Learning....Pages 187-205
Visuomotor Coordination: From Neural Nets to Schema Theory....Pages 207-225
Richly Specified Input to Language Learning....Pages 227-249
The Sensible Brain: Adaptation as a Positive and as a Negative Factor in the Reorganization of Neuropsychological Systems After Brain Damage....Pages 251-275
Piaget and Education....Pages 277-287
Implications and Applications of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Concepts....Pages 289-304
Failure is Not the Spur....Pages 305-315
Genetic Algorithms and Adaptation....Pages 317-333
Back Matter....Pages 335-349

2013-08-01