This book is a study of the response that the police take to modern urban riots.  It takes a principally police perspective on the lead-up to a riot, the police response, and the evaluation of the police response.  The book is based on the development and analysis of four extensive case study riots: France 2005, London 2011, Ferguson 2014, and Baltimore 2015.  The methodological approach to the case studies is comparative and includes an interactive framework that incorporates a number of key variables.  These variables examine how each riot began, how they developed, the response strategies and tactics used by the police, and how the riots eventually ended. The first section looks at defining riots and examines the riot literature and research to date.  The second section analyses the current police response to rioting. The third and final section includes an analysis and comparison of the case study riots, along with an examination of how the police response to riots could be improved. With its focus on police practices, this unique volume will be useful for researchers, students, police, law enforcement, and policy makers.

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den Heyer, Garth

Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, 2020

Switzerland, Switzerland

1st ed. 2020, 2019

Nov 14, 2019

0

lg2438024

producers:
Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1

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Source title: Police Response to Riots: Case Studies from France, London, Ferguson, and Baltimore

Introduction to Case Studies 5
The Background and Context of Rioting in the United States of America 5
References 9
Contents 10
Chapter 1: Introduction 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 The Policing of Public Disorder and Riots 16
1.3 A Word in Relation to Previous Research 19
1.4 What Constitutes a Riot? 20
1.4.1 The Influence of the “Battle in Seattle” 21
1.4.2 The Influence of Protests in the UK 22
1.5 Changes in the Policing of Violent Protests and Riots 22
1.6 The Case Studies 23
1.6.1 A Note on the Development of the Case Studies 25
1.7 Conclusion 25
References 26
Chapter 2: What Constitutes a Riot? 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 The Problem with the Definition of a Riot 30
2.3 An Attempt to Understand Riots 32
2.3.1 Critical Consensus 36
2.3.2 Police Cause Riots 37
2.3.3 The Police Perspective as to the Causes of Riots 38
2.4 Crowds 39
2.5 Police–Crowd Relationship 40
2.5.1 Elaborated Social Identity Model 41
2.5.2 The Flashpoints Model 43
2.5.3 Features of the Flashpoints Model 44
2.6 Research and Police Response Tactics 45
2.6.1 The Theory of the Police Response 47
2.6.2 The Actions Taken by the Police 48
2.6.3 The Police Response 49
2.7 Conclusion 55
References 56
Chapter 3: An Analysis of the Current Police Response to Rioting 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 The Traditional Response to Violent Protest and Riots 64
3.3 The Catalysts for Change in the Police Response to Violent Protests and Riots 67
3.3.1 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization Conference 69
3.3.2 2003 Miami Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Meetings 71
3.3.3 2009 London G20 Summit Meeting 72
3.3.4 The Effect that Transnational Protests Have Had on the Policing of Violent Protest 73
3.3.5 Conclusion 76
3.4 The Influence of Social Media on the Police Response to Protests 77
3.4.1 Case Study: The 2009 London G20 and the Rise of the Citizen Journalist 78
3.5 The Relevancy of Elaborated Social Identity Model and Flashpoints Model in the Police Response to Protests 80
3.6 Police Knowledge and the Reaction of the Police to the Occurrence of a Riot 81
3.7 Crowd Control Strategies 82
3.7.1 The Application of the Police Response Models 86
3.7.2 The Police Response to Violent Protest: Change on the Horizon 88
3.7.3 The Police Use of Force and Crowd Control Tactics 91
3.7.4 Conclusion 93
3.8 The Militarization of the Police Response to Protests 94
3.9 The Police Organization 95
3.10 The Police Response to Industrial Action 96
3.11 The Police Response to a Political Rally 96
3.12 UK Public Surveys of Police Riot Responses 97
3.13 Conclusion 99
References 101
Chapter 4: The 2005 Riots in France 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Background and Context 111
4.2.1 Conclusion 114
4.3 The 2005 Riots in France 114
4.3.1 Introduction 114
4.4 The Police Response to the Riots 120
4.5 The Critique of the Police Response 126
4.5.1 The French Police 127
4.6 Discussion 129
4.7 Conclusion 130
References 131
Chapter 5: The 2011 Riots in London 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Background and Context 136
5.3 The 2011 London Riot (The Riot and Chronology) 140
5.4 The Police Response to the Riots 143
5.5 The Critique of the Police Response 151
5.5.1 Service Mobilization Plan 153
5.5.2 Command 155
5.5.3 Tactics 156
5.5.4 Community Engagement 157
5.5.5 Intelligence 160
5.5.6 Gangs 161
5.5.7 Final Comments 161
5.6 Discussion 162
5.7 Conclusion 168
References 169
Chapter 6: The 2014 Riots in Ferguson 173
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Riots and Chronology 175
6.3 The Police Response 178
6.4 Critique of the Police Response 186
6.4.1 Police–Community Relationship 188
6.4.2 Police Leadership and Command 188
6.4.3 Police Tactics and the Use of Force 192
6.4.4 The Need for Police Agency Preparation 193
6.4.5 Social Media 194
6.4.6 Final Comments 195
6.5 Discussion 197
6.5.1 Police Preparation for the Grand Jury Decision of Accused Officer 200
6.6 Conclusion 202
References 204
Chapter 7: The 2015 Riots in Baltimore 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Riot Chronology 209
7.3 The Police Response 212
7.4 Critique of the Police Response 216
7.4.1 Operational Planning 216
7.4.2 National Incident Management System 220
7.4.3 Intelligence 222
7.4.4 Command and Coordination 223
7.4.5 Arrest Policies Were Unclear 224
7.4.6 Confusion About Definitions of Orders 225
7.4.7 Equipment Was Lacking 226
7.4.8 Officers Reported That Their Training Was Inadequate 227
7.4.9 Uncertainty About Mutual Aid 228
7.4.10 Media 232
7.4.11 Community Engagement 233
7.4.12 Concluding Comments 234
7.5 Discussion 234
7.5.1 Exercising 238
7.5.2 Mutual Aid 239
7.5.3 Mutual Aid Agreements 240
7.5.4 Media 241
7.5.5 Community 241
7.5.6 Concluding Comments 242
7.6 Conclusion 242
References 243
Chapter 8: The Police Response to Riots: An Analysis of the Case Studies 247
8.1 Introduction 247
8.2 The Definition of Riot Participants 248
8.3 France 249
8.4 London 250
8.5 A Comparison of the Riots in Ferguson and Baltimore with Those That Occurred in the UK 252
8.6 The Theoretical Causes of the Riots Discussed in the Case Studies 254
8.7 The Policing of Riots 256
8.8 The Difficulty in Policing Riots 257
8.9 Conclusion 259
References 260
Chapter 9: Can Improvements Be Made to the Police Response? 265
9.1 Introduction 265
9.2 Public Acceptance and Confidence in the Police 266
9.3 An Overview of Crowd Psychology 267
9.4 A Review of Response Tactics Currently Used by the Police 268
9.4.1 Containment 270
9.4.2 Dispersal 270
9.4.3 Negotiation with the Crowd 270
9.4.4 The New York Police Department Approach to Negotiated Protest 271
9.5 Moving Forward 272
9.5.1 Making Contact—Negotiation 273
9.5.2 The Issue of the Situational Approach 274
9.5.3 Previous Police–Protester Interaction 274
9.5.4 Police Knowledge 274
9.5.5 Doctrine of Minimum Force 275
9.5.6 The Influence of the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks 276
9.6 Conclusion 277
References 279
Chapter 10: Conclusion: History’s Patterns and Response Obstacles 283
10.1 Introduction 283
References 287
Index 288

Front Matter ....Pages i-xv
Introduction (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 1-14
What Constitutes a Riot? (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 15-47
An Analysis of the Current Police Response to Rioting (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 49-96
The 2005 Riots in France (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 97-121
The 2011 Riots in London (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 123-160
The 2014 Riots in Ferguson (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 161-194
The 2015 Riots in Baltimore (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 195-234
The Police Response to Riots: An Analysis of the Case Studies (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 235-252
Can Improvements Be Made to the Police Response? (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 253-270
Conclusion: History’s Patterns and Response Obstacles (Garth den Heyer)....Pages 271-275
Back Matter ....Pages 277-283

This book is a study of the response that the police take to modern urban riots. It takes a principally police perspective on the lead-up to a riot, the police response, and the evaluation of the police response. The book is based on the development and analysis of four extensive case study riots: France 2005, London 2011, Ferguson 2014, and Baltimore 2015.
Erscheinungsdatum: 21.11.2019

2019-11-14