This volume offers an overview of Chitosan's role in facilitating peptide and biomolecule delivery, microbial resistance in wound care, tissue engineering, hemostasis, and drug delivery. It further delves into the challenges and potential applications of chitosan and its chemically modified derivatives within the pharmaceutical industry, with a particular focus on ocular and oral drug delivery, as well as targeted drug delivery systems. Moreover, this volume sheds light on the prominent use of chitosan and its derivatives, whether in their original forms or as membranes, beads, scaffolds, or films, within the domains of tissue engineering, wound healing, and hemostasis. Collectively, this comprehensive exploration aims to enhance our understanding of recent advancements and innovative chitosan-based systems in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications, thereby illuminating the myriad possibilities that lie ahead.

lgrsnf/Jayakumar R. Chitosan for Biomaterials V. Insight into Pharmaceutical Uses_2025.pdf

R. Jayakumar

Switzerland, Switzerland

Cover
Half Title
Advances in Polymer Science: Volume 295
Chitosan for Biomaterials V: Insight into Pharmaceutical Uses
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Chitosan: The Versatile Biomaterial
1. Introduction
1.1 History
2. Chitosan: Structure and Derivatives
2.1 Chemical Structure of Chitin
2.2 Chemical Structure of Chitosan
2.3 Derivatives of Chitosan
3. Main Sources and Preparation of Chitosan
3.1 Sources of Chitosan Extraction
3.2 Processing of Chitosan
4. Chitosan Characteristics
4.1 Molecular Weight
4.2 Deacetylation Degree
5. Chitosan Properties
5.1 Physicochemical Properties
5.1.1 Chelation
5.1.2 Solubility
5.1.3 Viscosity
5.1.4 Film-Forming
5.1.5 Mucoadhesive
5.1.6 Polyelectrolyte Behavior
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Antimicrobial
5.2.2 Antioxidant
5.2.3 Anti-Inflammatory
5.2.4 Hemostatic
6. Chitosan-Based Materials and Their Biomedical Applications
6.1 Wound Healing
6.2 Drug Delivery
6.3 Tissue Engineering
6.4 Hemostasis
7. Conclusion
References
Chitosan Biomaterials: Applications and Prospects in the Pharmaceutical Sector
1. Introduction
2. Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Pharmaceutical Applications
2.1 As Drug Excipient
2.2 Drug Delivery
2.3 Gene Delivery
2.4 Tissue Engineering
2.5 Wound Healing
2.6 Hemostasis
3. Chitosan as an Adsorbent of Pharmaceutical Contaminants
4. Conclusion
References
Harnessing Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Innovative Antimicrobial Biomaterials
1. Introduction
2. Structural Parameters Modulating Antimicrobial Properties of the Chitosan
2.1 Source of Chitosan
2.2 Molecular Weight (Mw)
2.3 Degree of Deacetylation (DD)
2.4 pH
2.5 Functionalized Chitosan Derivatives
2.5.1 Chitosan Containing Quaternary Ammonium Groups
2.5.2 Chitosan Modified with Free Amino or Hydroxyl Groups
2.5.3 Chitosan Modified with Carboxyalkyl Groups
2.5.4 Chitosan Derivatives with Multiple Functionalities
3. Chitosan as Anti-Infective Coatings to Prevent Implant Associated Infections
3.1 Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Coatings on Orthopedic Implants
3.2 Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Coatings on Catheters
3.2.1 Non-functionalized Chitosan-Based Coatings
3.2.2 Functionalized Chitosan-Based Coatings
4. Chitosan as Anti-Infective Wound-Healing Biomaterials
4.1 Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Wound-Healing Hydrogels
4.2 Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Hemostatic Sponges
4.3 Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Hemostatic Cryogels
5. Chitosan-Based Nano/Microgels Formulations
6. Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chitosan Beads for Drug Delivery
1. Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives
2. Chitosan Beads
3. Bioactive Properties of Chitosan
3.1 Wound Healing, Antimicrobial, and Hemostatic Activities
3.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
4. Chitosan Beads for Drug Delivery
4.1 Dermal/Transdermal Drug Delivery
4.2 Mucosal and Transmucosal Drug Delivery
4.3 Oral Drug Delivery
5. Microbeads for Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
6. Perspectives for the Future
References
Mucoadhesive Chitosan in Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Mucoadhesion
2.1 Concept of Mucoadhesion
2.2 Theories of Mucoadhesion
2.2.1 Absorption Theory
2.2.2 Electronic Transfer Theory
2.2.3 Fracture Theory
2.2.4 Wetting Theory
2.2.5 Mechanical Inter-Locking Theory
2.2.6 Diffusion Theory
2.3 Mucoadhesive Assays
3. Chitosan
3.1 Origin of Chitosan
3.2 Modification of Chitosan
4. Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery
4.1 Chitosan in Ocular Delivery
4.2 Chitosan in Wound Management
4.3 Chitosan in Vaginal Delivery
5. Summary
References
Chitosan Films and Membranes in Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Chitosan Films and Membranes
2.1 Electrospinning
2.2 Solvent Casting
2.3 Phase Inversion
2.4 Thermo-compression Molding
2.5 Extrusion
2.6 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
3. Applications of Chitosan Films/Membranes in Drug Delivery
3.1 Antibacterial
3.2 Anticancer
3.3 Antifungal
3.4 Anti-Inflammatory
3.5 Protein and Peptide
3.6 Nucleic Acid
4. Conclusion
References
Chitosan Scaffolds for Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Fabrication Strategies of Chitosan Scaffolds
2.1 Freeze-Drying
2.2 Solvent Casting Method
2.3 Particulate Leaching
2.4 3D Printing/3D Bioprinting
2.5 Electrospinning
3. Antimicrobial Agent Delivery Using Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
3.1 Antibiotics
3.2 Metals/Metallic Nanocomposites
3.3 Metallic Ion-Doped Bioceramics
3.4 Carbon Nanomaterials
3.5 Antifungal
4. Anti-inflammatory Drug Delivery Using Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
5. Anticancer Drug Delivery Using Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
6. Biomolecule Delivery Using Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
6.1 Growth Factors
6.2 Peptide and Proteins
6.3 Nucleic Acids
6.4 Lipids
7. Conclusion
References
Applications of Chitosan Hydrogel in Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Drug Delivery Applications of Chitosan Hydrogel
2.1 Antibacterial
2.2 Antifungal
2.3 Anti-inflammatory
2.4 Anticancer
2.5 Gene Delivery
2.6 Peptide and Protein Delivery
3. Conclusion
References
Chitosan and Its Derivatives in the Delivery of Peptides and Proteins
1. Introduction
1.1 Chitosan Protein Derivatives in Drug Delivery
2. Drug Delivery System with Natural Polymer and Chitosan Conjugates
2.1 Chitosan in Drug Delivery Modes
2.1.1 Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery
2.1.2 Mucosal Drug Delivery
2.1.3 Nasal Drug Delivery
2.1.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
2.1.5 Topical Drug Delivery
3. Chitosan Derivatives in Cancer Biology
3.1 Cancer Drug Delivery Mode
3.2 Tumor Targeting System
3.3 Immune Regulation Modes
4. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Breakthrough Applications in Cancer Biology
4.1 Chitosan Derivatives and Their Functionalized Derivatives for Cancer Treatment
4.1.1 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMCS)
4.1.2 Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COSs)
5. Chitosan Complexes in Orthopedic Disorders
5.1 Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Restoration of Cartilage
5.2 Drug Delivery for Orthopedic Disorders and Other Pathologies
6. Chitosan and Its Other Pathological Healing Properties
6.1 Effects on Wound Healing and Hemostasis
6.2 Chitosan in Infectious Diseases
6.3 Applications of Chitosan in Tumor Management
6.4 Chitosan Protein Conjugates in Neurological Disorders
6.5 Mechanisms of Chitosan-Mediated Neuroprotection
6.5.1 Antiapoptosis
6.5.2 Antineuroinflammatory
6.5.3 Antiexcitotoxic
6.5.4 Diminished Impact on Amyloid Beta Consolidation
7. Chitosan-Mediated Delivery of Neurotrophic Factors
7.1 Surface Modification Perspectives and Challenges in Chitosan-Based Therapies
8. Summary
References
Chitosan Nanoparticles: Drug Delivery Carriers in Cancer Therapy
1. Introduction
2. Chitosan NPs in Tumor-Specific Targeted Drug Delivery
2.1 Chitosan NPs in Passive Drug Delivery Systems
2.2 Chitosan NPs in Active Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.1 FA-Conjugated Chitosan NPs
2.2.2 Nucleic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan NPs
2.2.3 Peptide-Conjugated Chitosan NPs
2.2.4 Antibody-Conjugated Chitosan NPs
3. Applications of Chitosan NPs in Different Types of Cancer
3.1 In Breast Cancer
3.2 In Prostate Cancer
3.3 In Lung Cancer
3.4 In Colon Cancer
3.5 In Other Types of Cancer
4. Summary
References
Chitosan-Based Formulations for Enhanced Topical, Transdermal, and Ocular Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Chitosan
3. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery
3.1 Barriers
3.2 Epidermis
3.3 Dermis
3.4 Hypodermis
4. Role of Chitosan in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery
4.1 Nanoparticles
4.2 Nanocapsules
4.3 Microneedles
4.4 Transdermal Patches
4.5 Hydrogels
5. Ocular Drug Delivery System
5.1 Barriers to the Ocular Drug Delivery System
5.1.1 Precorneal Barriers
5.1.2 Capacity of Cul-de-sac
5.1.3 Tear Film Barrier
5.1.4 Cornea
5.1.5 Conjunctiva
5.1.6 Blood-Aqueous Barriers (BAB)
5.1.7 Melanin Binding
5.1.8 Nasolacrimal Drainage
5.1.9 Reflex Blinking
6. Application of Chitosan in Ocular Drug Delivery
6.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles
6.2 Chitosan Solutions
6.3 In Situ Gelling System
6.4 Chitosan-Coated Nanosystems
6.5 Contact Lenses
7. Regulatory Status
8. Conclusion
References
Chitosan in Oral Drug Delivery
1. Introduction
2. Clinical Oral Application
2.1 Obesity
2.2 Diabetes Mellitus
2.3 Renal Failure
2.4 Intestinal Disease
2.5 Cancer
2.6 Respiratory Disease
2.7 Other Diseases
3. Conclusion
References
Chitosan as Nutraceuticals: Transforming Pharmaceutical Research
1. Introduction
2. Biological Application of Chitosan
2.1 Biomedical Application
2.2 Drug Delivery
3. Nutraceutical Values of Chitosan
3.1 Antimicrobial Properties
3.2 Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties
3.3 Antioxidant Effect
3.4 Hypolipidemic and Hypocholesterolemic
3.5 Antitumor Activity
3.5.1 Antiangiogenic Activity
3.5.2 Apoptosis
3.5.3 Oxidative Stress
3.5.4 Enhanced Permeation Through Cell Membranes
3.5.5 Immune-Mediated Mechanism
3.5.6 Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 Kinase (PI3K-AKT Pathway)
3.6 Antihypertensive Action
3.6.1 Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 1
3.6.2 Inhibition of Renin
3.7 Antihypersensitive
4. Current Status of Chitosan-Based Nutraceuticals
5. Future Prospective
6. Summary
References
Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Hemostasis and Wound Healing
1. Introduction
2. Hemostasis Stages
3. Regulation of Hemostasis
4. Chitosan Interaction with Drugs for Biomedicine
4.1 Mucoadhesion
4.2 Ionotropic Gelation
4.3 Hydrogen Bonding
4.4 pH-Dependent Swelling and Dissolution
4.5 Enhanced Permeability
4.6 Targeted Drug Delivery
4.7 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility
5. Chitosan Interaction with Nanomaterials
5.1 Nanoparticle Formation
5.2 Surface Modification
5.3 Drug Encapsulation and Entrapment
5.4 pH-Responsive Drug Release
5.5 Active Targeting
5.6 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
5.7 Multifunctional Platforms
6. Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Hemostasis
6.1 Chitosan Sponges or Dressings
6.2 Chitosan Nanofibers
6.3 Chitosan Composites as Hemostatic Agents
6.4 Chitosan-Hemostatic Sprays or Sealants
6.5 Chitosan-Hemostatic Patches or Films
6.6 Chitosan-Coated Hemostatic Agents
6.7 Chitosan Hydrogels
6.8 Commercially Available Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Dressing
7. Recent Applications in Wound and Biomedicine
7.1 Advanced Wound Dressings
7.2 Drug Delivery Systems
7.3 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
7.4 Dental Materials
7.5 Biomedical Coatings
7.6 Antimicrobial Textiles
8. Chitosan Biomaterials for Miscellaneous Applications
8.1 Cholesterol Detectors
8.2 Environmental Remediation
8.3 Heavy Metal Absorption
8.4 Biodegradable Bioplastics
8.5 Pharmaceutical Industry
8.6 Hydrogels
8.7 Food Packaging
8.8 Dietary Supplements
9. Future Aspects
9.1 Enhanced Hemostatic Performance
9.2 Controlled Drug Delivery
9.3 Bioactive Wound Healing
9.4 Antimicrobial Activity
9.5 Biocompatibility and Immunomodulation
9.6 Personalized Medicine and Theragnostic
9.7 Regulatory Approval and Clinical Translation
10. Conclusion
References
Delivery of Biomolecules Using Chitosan for Tissue Engineering
1. Introduction
2. Biomolecule Delivery Using Different Forms of Chitosan for Tissue Engineering
2.1 Chitosan Microparticles/Nanoparticles
2.1.1 Adipose Tissue Engineering
2.1.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
2.1.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.1.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
2.1.5 Corneal Tissue Engineering
2.1.6 Wound Healing and Skin Tissue Engineering
2.2 Chitosan Hydrogel
2.2.1 Adipose Tissue Engineering
2.2.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
2.2.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.2.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
2.2.5 Corneal Tissue Engineering
2.2.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
2.2.7 Nucleus Pulposus Tissue Engineering
2.3 Chitosan Scaffolds
2.3.1 Adipose Tissue Engineering
2.3.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
2.3.3 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
2.3.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
2.3.5 Corneal Tissue Engineering
2.3.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
2.3.7 Neural Tissue Engineering
2.3.8 Periodontal Tissue Engineering
3. Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chitosan-based Emulsions: Versatile Vesicular Capsules in Pharmaceutical Applications
1. Introduction
2. Role of CS on Emulsion Formation and Stabilization
2.1 Role of CS in Emulsion Formation
2.2 Role of CS on Emulsion Stabilization
3. Phenomena of Unstable Emulsion
4. Conventional vs Pickering Emulsions: Vesicular Capsules
4.1 Conventional Emulsions
4.2 Pickering Emulsions
4.2.1 Factors Influencing Pickering Emulsion Formation
Wettability
Particle Size and Surface Charge
Particle Concentration
4.2.2 Role of CS in Pickering Emulsions
4.3 Comparison Between Pickering and Conventional Emulsions
5. Emulsion: A Versatile Capsule in Pharmaceutical Applications
5.1 Drug Delivery
5.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
5.3 Cosmeceuticals and Topical Delivery
5.4 Nutraceuticals and Food Products
5.4.1 Encapsulation of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds
5.4.2 Controlling Lipid Digestibility
5.4.3 Lipid Oxidation Retardation in Food Formulations
5.5 Antimicrobial Treatment
5.6 Wound Healing
5.6.1 Mechanisms of CS-Mediated Wound Healing
5.6.2 Chitosan-Based Emulsions in Wound Healing
6. Summary
References

2025-03-23