BigEarthDatainSupportoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(2021):ChinashowcasestheinnovativepracticeofapplyingBigEarthDatatothemonitoringandevaluatingindicatorsforsixSDGs,i.e.,SDG2ZeroHunger,SDG6CleanWaterandSanitation,SDG11SustainableCitiesandCommunities,SDG13ClimateAction,SDG14LifebelowWater,SDG15LifeonLand,andtheanalysisoftheinteractionsamongmultipleSDGindicators.Itpresents52casestudieson27targets.Thereportshowcasestheresultsofresearch,monitoring,andevaluationofSDGsandtheirindicatorsattwoscales—local,national—totalling36dataproducts,25methodsandmodels,and41decision-supportrecommendations.TheseresearchresultsdemonstrateChina'sexplorationandpracticeinpromotingtheimplementationoftheUN2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,fullyrevealtheapplicationvalueandbroadprospectsofEarth'sbigdatatechnologyinmonitoringandevaluatingthesustainabledevelopmentgoals,andopenupnewwaysandmethodstosupporttheimplementationoftheUN2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentthroughtheuseofadvancedtechnologiesandmethodssuchasbigdataandartificialintelligenceundertheframeworkoftheUNtechnologypromotionmechanism.Itcanprovidereferenceforcountriestostrengthentheimplementationmonitoringandevaluationoftheagenda.

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郭华东主编

China, People's Republic, China

1, 2022-09

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Contents 16
Preface 5
Foreword 8
Executive Summary 11
Chapter 1 Introduction 24
Chapter 2 SDG 2 Zero Hunger 30
Background 31
Main Contributions 32
Case Study 34
2.1 Biomass development and food security in China under the carbon neutral vision 34
2.2 Precision agriculture based on Satellite-Aerial-Ground Integrated (SAGI) technology 41
2.3 Spatiotemporal variations in cropping intensity in China in 2001-2020 47
2.4 Mapping crop distribution and spatiotemporal changes in China 53
2.5 Evaluation of mitigating effects of irrigation on agricultural drought in the North China Plain 58
2.6 Construction of an efficient ecological agriculture paradigm: An experiment in a low-medium yield region along the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River 68
Summary 74
Chapter 3 SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation 77
Background 78
Main Contributions 79
Case Study 81
3.1 Changes in sewage treatment capacity in China 81
3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the changes in lake water clarity in China 90
3.3 Spatiotemporal differences in water stress in China 98
3.4 Evaluating water use efficiency in Lincang City, Yunnan Province, China, from 2010 to 2020 107
3.5 Assessment of China’s integrated water resources management 117
3.6 Change in natural and artificial water bodies in China from 2000 to 2020 122
3.7 Spatiotemporal changes in China’s vegetated wetlands from 2010 to 2020 127
3.8 Environmental health status of Ramsar sites in China 133
Summary 141
Chapter 4 SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities 143
Background 144
Main Contributions 145
Case Study 147
4.1 Assessing housing affordability in China (2010-2020) 147
4.2 Proportion of the population with convenient access to public transportation in China 152
4.3 Evaluation and projection of land use efficiency in China’s major cities 157
4.4 Mapping spatial distribution of building height in cities in China 164
4.5 Response of land cover to extreme drought and its climate resilience at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces world heritage site 170
4.6 Interannual variation of the total loss from natural disasters at the prefecture level (2010-2020) 179
4.7 Patterns and dynamics of UGS in China 184
4.8 Community-scale urban landscape change and sustainable development indicators in major Chinese cities 189
4.9 Integrated evaluation of SDG 11 indicators in Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020 194
Summary 200
Chapter 5 SDG 13 Climate Action 203
Background 204
Main Contributions 205
Case Study 207
5.1 Interannual changes in sand and dust weather in China in 2010-2020 207
5.2 Risk assessment of maize yield reduction caused by drought in China from 2000 to 2020 212
5.3 Spatiotemporal distribution and changes in waterlogging in China 217
5.4 Spatiotemporal variations in greenhouse gas concentration in China 223
5.5 Impacts of climate change on net ecosystem productivity of forests in China 227
5.6 Impacts of China’s dietary model transformation on the sustainable development goals 232
Summary 237
Chapter 6 SDG 14 Life Below Water 239
Background 240
Main Contributions 240
Case Study 243
6.1 Source apportionment of microplastics in Jiaozhou Bay, China 243
6.2 Monitoring and forecasting macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea 247
6.3 Simulating marine ecosystem health on China’s coast 252
6.4 Risk assessment of inundation in China’s coastal zone caused by sea-level rise 257
6.5 Changes in mangrove forests in China 265
6.6 Hypoxia, acidification and relations to phytoplankton blooms in river-dominated continental shelves: A case study of the Changjiang Estuary (2021) 270
6.7 Mainland coastline changes and the major coastal reclamation in China from 2000 to 2020 277
6.8 Changes in coastal aquaculture ponds in China 284
6.9 Dynamic monitoring of raft culture in China’s coastal waters 289
Summary 295
Chapter 7 SDG 15 Life on Land 297
Background 298
Main Contributions 298
Case Study 301
7.1 Assessment of ecosystems and the dynamics of ecosystem quality in China 301
7.2 Current status and gaps in grassland ecosystem conservation in China 305
7.3 Big data simulation to generate a high-resolution distribution of rare and endangered plants 309
7.4 Freeze-thaw desertification monitoring in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 314
7.5 Spatial and temporal change patterns and driving forces of salinization in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and adjacent coastal areas from 2015 to 2020 320
7.6 Biodiversity conservation value of the land inhabited by ethnic groups in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 325
7.7 Monitoring spatiotemporal variations in wintering Siberian crane habitats 331
Summary 335
Chapter 8 Interactions Among SDG Indicators 337
Background 338
Main Contributions 341
Case Study 343
8.1 Synergies of water-food-ecology in North China 343
8.2 Synergy between economic development and carbon emission reduction in Hainan 349
8.3 Ecological compensation and multi-index synergy in the Xin’an River Basin 356
8.4 Simulation and analysis of land use evolution in China under the constraints of multiple SDGs 363
8.5 Interaction between water-food-ecology security and the rebound effect: Impacts on multiple SDG targets in the Heihe River Basin 368
8.6 Sustainable development of coal resource-based cities in China 374
8.7 Spatiotemporal characteristics of human settlements derived from time-series remote sensing data in Jinsha River Basin, Yunnan Province, China 380
Summary 390
Chapter 9 Summary and Prospects 392
References 398
Acronyms 415
Contents 16
Preface 5
Foreword 8
Executive Summary 11
Chapter 1 Introduction 24
Chapter 2 SDG 2 Zero Hunger 30
Background 31
Main Contributions 32
Case Study 34
2.1 Biomass development and food security in China under the carbon neutral vision 34
2.2 Precision agriculture based on Satellite-Aerial-Ground Integrated (SAGI) technology 41
2.3 Spatiotemporal variations in cropping intensity in China in 2001-2020 47
2.4 Mapping crop distribution and spatiotemporal changes in China 53
2.5 Evaluation of mitigating effects of irrigation on agricultural drought in the North China Plain 58
2.6 Construction of an efficient ecological agriculture paradigm: An experiment in a low-medium yield region along the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River 68
Summary 74
Chapter 3 SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation 77
Background 78
Main Contributions 79
Case Study 81
3.1 Changes in sewage treatment capacity in China 81
3.2 Monitoring and evaluating the changes in lake water clarity in China 90
3.3 Spatiotemporal differences in water stress in China 98
3.4 Evaluating water use efficiency in Lincang City, Yunnan Province, China, from 2010 to 2020 107
3.5 Assessment of China鈥檚 integrated water resources management 117
3.6 Change in natural and artificial water bodies in China from 2000 to 2020 122
3.7 Spatiotemporal changes in China鈥檚 vegetated wetlands from 2010 to 2020 127
3.8 Environmental health status of Ramsar sites in China 133
Summary 141
Chapter 4 SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities 143
Background 144
Main Contributions 145
Case Study 147
4.1 Assessing housing affordability in China (2010-2020) 147
4.2 Proportion of the population with convenient access to public transportation in China 152
4.3 Evaluation and projection of land use efficiency in China鈥檚 major cities 157
4.4 Mapping spatial distribution of building height in cities in China 164
4.5 Response of land cover to extreme drought and its climate resilience at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces world heritage site 170
4.6 Interannual variation of the total loss from natural disasters at the prefecture level (2010-2020) 179
4.7 Patterns and dynamics of UGS in China 184
4.8 Community-scale urban landscape change and sustainable development indicators in major Chinese cities 189
4.9 Integrated evaluation of SDG 11 indicators in Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020 194
Summary 200
Chapter 5 SDG 13 Climate Action 203
Background 204
Main Contributions 205
Case Study 207
5.1 Interannual changes in sand and dust weather in China in 2010-2020 207
5.2 Risk assessment of maize yield reduction caused by drought in China from 2000 to 2020 212
5.3 Spatiotemporal distribution and changes in waterlogging in China 217
5.4 Spatiotemporal variations in greenhouse gas concentration in China 223
5.5 Impacts of climate change on net ecosystem productivity of forests in China 227
5.6 Impacts of China鈥檚 dietary model transformation on the sustainable development goals 232
Summary 237
Chapter 6 SDG 14 Life Below Water 239
Background 240
Main Contributions 240
Case Study 243
6.1 Source apportionment of microplastics in Jiaozhou Bay, China 243
6.2 Monitoring and forecasting macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea 247
6.3 Simulating marine ecosystem health on China鈥檚 coast 252
6.4 Risk assessment of inundation in China鈥檚 coastal zone caused by sea-level rise 257
6.5 Changes in mangrove forests in China 265
6.6 Hypoxia, acidification and relations to phytoplankton blooms in river-dominated continental shelves: A case study of the Changjiang Estuary (2021) 270
6.7 Mainland coastline changes and the major coastal reclamation in China from 2000 to 2020 277
6.8 Changes in coastal aquaculture ponds in China 284
6.9 Dynamic monitoring of raft culture in China鈥檚 coastal waters 289
Summary 295
Chapter 7 SDG 15 Life on Land 297
Background 298
Main Contributions 298
Case Study 301
7.1 Assessment of ecosystems and the dynamics of ecosystem quality in China 301
7.2 Current status and gaps in grassland ecosystem conservation in China 305
7.3 Big data simulation to generate a high-resolution distribution of rare and endangered plants 309
7.4 Freeze-thaw desertification monitoring in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 314
7.5 Spatial and temporal change patterns and driving forces of salinization in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and adjacent coastal areas from 2015 to 2020 320
7.6 Biodiversity conservation value of the land inhabited by ethnic groups in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 325
7.7 Monitoring spatiotemporal variations in wintering Siberian crane habitats 331
Summary 335
Chapter 8 Interactions Among SDG Indicators 337
Background 338
Main Contributions 341
Case Study 343
8.1 Synergies of water-food-ecology in North China 343
8.2 Synergy between economic development and carbon emission reduction in Hainan 349
8.3 Ecological compensation and multi-index synergy in the Xin鈥檃n River Basin 356
8.4 Simulation and analysis of land use evolution in China under the constraints of multiple SDGs 363
8.5 Interaction between water-food-ecology security and the rebound effect: Impacts on multiple SDG targets in the Heihe River Basin 368
8.6 Sustainable development of coal resource-based cities in China 374
8.7 Spatiotemporal characteristics of human settlements derived from time-series remote sensing data in Jinsha River Basin, Yunnan Province, China 380
Summary 390
Chapter 9 Summary and Prospects 392
References 398
Acronyms 415 (as-gbk-encoding)

2025-10-27